Question 1

What is the term for the gradual weakening and disappearance of a tendency to make a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) extinction 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 2

What procedure did you use to stop your dog from begging at the table by ensuring no one ever feeds the dog table scraps?

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) reinforcement 
C) extinction 
D) punishment

Question 3

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. What is the intent of this commercial?

Accepted Answer

A) to create an accurate contrast between the candidate and the opponent 
B) to indicate to the public that the opponent was the individual who angered the mob in the first place 
C) to associate the opponent with a negative emotional response 
D) to associate positive emotional responses with the candidate who sponsored the commercial

Question 4

Every Sunday morning when Marco was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. To this day he finds himself smiling whenever he smells cinnamon rolls baking. In this example, what is the smell of cinnamon rolls?

Accepted Answer

A) cue 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned stimulus 
D) discriminative stimulus

Question 5

A dog has been conditioned to salivate in the presence of a 1000 hertz tone, but whenever an 800 hertz tone was presented there would be no food presented. Which of the following tones will elicit the least salivation from the dog?

Accepted Answer

A) 1200 hertz 
B) 1100 hertz 
C) 900 hertz 
D) 700 hertz

Question 6

Which statement is supported by research on instinctive drift and conditioned taste aversions?

Accepted Answer

A) There are universal laws of learning. 
B) Given enough learning trials, any association can be learned. 
C) Some species learn faster than others. 
D) There are biological constraints on learning.

Question 7

It often helps an individual comply with a behaviour modification program if he or she signs a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behaviour modification program. What is this type of agreement called?

Accepted Answer

A) operant agreement 
B) reinforcement contract 
C) behavioural contract 
D) behaviour modification agreement

Question 8

When Veronica first quit smoking she felt cravings for cigarettes whenever she had a cup of coffee, because in the past she always had a cigarette when she took a coffee break. Eventually, several months after quitting, Veronica gradually stopped experiencing the cravings. What is the term used to describe the gradual decline in Veronica's cravings?

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) stimulus discrimination 
D) extinction

Question 9

If you are using "shaping" to increase the likelihood that a child will put away all his toys, what would you need to do each time the child does a better job of putting away his toys than he did previously?

Accepted Answer

A) give the child a closer approximation to the reinforcement 
B) model the correct behaviour by picking up the remaining toys 
C) give the child a reinforcer 
D) give the child a UCS

Question 10

What leads to a decrease in the tendency to emit a particular response?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) resistance to extinction 
C) punishment 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 11

In an FR schedule, when is the reinforcement given?

Accepted Answer

A) for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed 
B) after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses 
C) for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed 
D) after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Question 12

In conditioning research conducted on quail, what is elicited from male quail when they experience cues that have predicted that sexually willing female quail will soon be available?

Accepted Answer

A) UCS of sexual excitement 
B) CR of increased sperm volume 
C) UCR of sexual excitement 
D) CR of decreased sperm volume

Question 13

When Veronica first quit smoking, she experienced cravings for cigarettes whenever she took a coffee break. Gradually, those cravings went away and she doesn't typically think of smoking when she has a coffee now. Sometimes, however, she still experiences a craving for cigarettes during a coffee break. What is the term used for the occasional craving that Veronica experiences now?

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) extinction 
C) stimulus discrimination 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 14

Zane is allowed to play video games after every time he helps with doing dishes. What is this pattern of reinforcement called?

Accepted Answer

A) continuous reinforcement 
B) secondary reinforcement 
C) intermittent reinforcement 
D) primary reinforcement

Question 15

In Pavlov's principle experiment, what term is used to describe the dog's salivation after receiving meat powder?

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response 
B) unconditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) conditioned response

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) making a child sit in the corner until he or she says, "I'm sorry" 
B) allowing a student to take a make-up exam 
C) grounding a teenager for missing curfew 
D) giving a student extra credit for class participation

Question 17

Which psychological concept refers to a relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience?

Accepted Answer

A) development 
B) learning 
C) operant conditioning 
D) classical conditioning

Question 18

What has been demonstrated by research examining the long-term effects of media violence?

Accepted Answer

A) The more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school. 
B) Watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children. 
C) No consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behaviour. 
D) The more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school.

Question 19

Cognitive processes are involved in what key processes of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A) motivation and retention 
B) motivation and reproduction 
C) attention and reproduction 
D) attention and retention

Question 20

When Jeff compliments Marnie, she sometimes gives him a big kiss. What is this pattern of reinforcement called?

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcement 
B) continuous reinforcement 
C) secondary reinforcement 
D) intermittent reinforcement

Exam 6: B: Learning