Question 1

Alicia is an avid online poker player. She spends hours every day playing poker online. Initially, she played because she really enjoyed the game and it gave her an exciting feeling. However, over the past few months she has noticed that she experiences higher anxiety levels if she has not played in a while and she feels like she needs to play to reduce this anxiety.
-Initially,Alicia's poker playing habit was maintained by ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment

Question 2

Jamila's friends are participating in a tradition known as Senior Sunrise, where the graduating high school class members stay out all night before the last day of school. Jamila's parents set her a curfew of 12 midnight (which was very generous), and Jamila made sure to be home by then. However, she receives a text message at 3 a.m. from her best friend asking her to come back and join in the celebrations. Jamila now needs to solve a problem: Should she obey her parents and stay home, or should she sneak out and join her friends?
-Jamila knows that her three best friends are out partying.Based on this,she believes that her entire class must be out celebrating.This thinking shows Jamila is a victim of which bias

Accepted Answer

A)  Gambler's Fallacy 
B)  Law of Small Numbers 
C)  Confirmation Bias 
D)  Belief Perseverance

Question 3

Dr. Lin is a new doctor who just finished her medical school residency last year. She is working with Dr. Sevigny, who has 20 years of experience. They are working in the Emergency Room together. A patient comes in with a long list of weird symptoms. Because the symptoms are odd, Dr. Lin decides to ask Dr. Sevigny for some help so she can be sure to provide a correct diagnosis. When the patient says he has a stuffy nose, shoulder pain, and a numb left foot, Dr. Sevigny asks him if he is a firefighter. Dr. Sevigny explains to Dr. Lin that he has seen this group of symptoms together in two patients before, and both of those patients were firefighters he had seen over 10 years ago.
-When Dr.Lin first asks Dr.Sevigny for help,she tells him what she thinks the diagnosis might be.Within two seconds of seeing the patient,and without asking the patient any questions,Dr.Sevigny says that Dr.Lin's original diagnosis is wrong.Dr.Sevigny's statement was made based on ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a heuristic 
B)  the Law of Small Numbers 
C)  the Confirmation Bias 
D)  an algorithm

Question 4

Alicia is an avid online poker player. She spends hours every day playing poker online. Initially, she played because she really enjoyed the game and it gave her an exciting feeling. However, over the past few months she has noticed that she experiences higher anxiety levels if she has not played in a while and she feels like she needs to play to reduce this anxiety.
-Alicia has not won a game in a while,and yet she continues to play despite her lengthy losing streak.What do you expect happened when Alicia first started playing

Accepted Answer

A)  She won every single game she played for the first few days. 
B)  She won every third or so game she played for the first few days. 
C)  She won every couple of hours or so for the first few days. 
D)  She won sporadically for the first few days that she played.

Question 5

Tessa is in her first year at Carleton University and is trying to incorporate what she has learned about memory in her psychology class when she studies for her exams. Tessa has a biology midterm next week and is very stressed out about it. To prepare, Tessa has compiled a list with all the terms and definitions she needs to learn for her midterm.
-Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm.There are a few terms that she has particular difficulty remembering.What should Tessa do to enhance her recall of those terms

Accepted Answer

A)  Place them in the middle of the list. 
B)  Place them at the beginning or the end of the list. 
C)  Place them directly after the terms that are the easiest to remember. 
D)  Place them directly before the terms that are the easiest to remember.

Question 6

Dory is a first-year psychology student at Carleton University and is often teased for having a terrible memory. Dory is famous for not paying attention to details and not being able to remember crucial information when she needs it. After taking a first-year psychology course and learning more about memory, Dory is motivated to figure out how to begin remembering more.
-In one of her classes,Dory learns all about flashbulb memories and is surprised she has one,as well.Which of the following is likely to be Dory's flashbulb memory

Accepted Answer

A)  Suddenly remembering she was sexually abused as a child. 
B)  The sense that something she is actively trying to remember is just out of reach. 
C)  A vivid memory of eating Fruit Loops cereal when her parents told her they were getting a divorce. 
D)  Remembering a lot of facts about dogs she picked up by raising a puppy.

Question 7

Tessa is in her first year at Carleton University and is trying to incorporate what she has learned about memory in her psychology class when she studies for her exams. Tessa has a biology midterm next week and is very stressed out about it. To prepare, Tessa has compiled a list with all the terms and definitions she needs to learn for her midterm.
-Tessa is working through a set of practice multiple-choice questions with her study buddy.She gets several wrong and wants her study buddy to just tell her the correct answers.However,her study buddy tells Tessa that is not the best way to learn the material.What do you think

Accepted Answer

A)  Tessa should look up the answers herself to ensure she remembers them. 
B)  Tessa's study buddy should tell her the answers in order to save time. 
C)  Tessa should ignore the questions she got wrong in order to take advantage of consolidation mnemonics. 
D)  Tessa's study buddy should explain each of the correct answers.

Question 8

Solene is in competition with other candidates for a job in a secret government division that requires above average reasoning and problem-solving ability. As part of the selection process, she is required to complete a written exam and a problem-solving interview. Solene thinks she is well-prepared-she has done online practice exams and completed different problem-solving tasks her friends designed-but she is unsure of what to expect the day of her tests.
-One of the questions on the exam reads: " d is to b as p is to ___." To solve this,Solene mentally rotates the letter p.This is a type of _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inducing structure problem 
B)  arrangement problem 
C)  transformation problem 
D)  series completion problem

Question 9

Patricia is a defense attorney. Her job requires her to confront witnesses about the limits of their memory capabilities. In addition, as a defense attorney Patricia is motivated to make the witnesses "slip-up" or even distort their memories of the events her client is being accused of.
-During a trial,Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories.As a skeptic of recovered memories,which of the following arguments could Patricia use

Accepted Answer

A)  People who claim they have repressed memories willingly lie about them. 
B)  People who claim they have repressed memories often suffer from mental illness. 
C)  Repressed memories are often from events that occur before the age of three, which is too young to remember many details. 
D)  Repressed memories are often recovered spontaneously while the person is sleeping, and could potentially just be a nightmare.

Question 10

Tessa is in her first year at Carleton University and is trying to incorporate what she has learned about memory in her psychology class when she studies for her exams. Tessa has a biology midterm next week and is very stressed out about it. To prepare, Tessa has compiled a list with all the terms and definitions she needs to learn for her midterm.
-Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm.She has rehearsed them enough and feels confident that she has mastered them.What would you advise Tessa to do

Accepted Answer

A)  Tessa should not worry about rehearsing them anymore because she will forget them by the time of her midterm anyway. 
B)  Tessa should not worry about rehearsing the terms anymore since she has mastered them and will remember them by the time of her midterm. 
C)  Tessa should continue rehearsing all the terms for a few more hours to enhance recall. 
D)  Tessa should continue rehearsing only the terms she finds most challenging for a few more hours.

Question 11

Dr. Lin is a new doctor who just finished her medical school residency last year. She is working with Dr. Sevigny, who has 20 years of experience. They are working in the Emergency Room together. A patient comes in with a long list of weird symptoms. Because the symptoms are odd, Dr. Lin decides to ask Dr. Sevigny for some help so she can be sure to provide a correct diagnosis. When the patient says he has a stuffy nose, shoulder pain, and a numb left foot, Dr. Sevigny asks him if he is a firefighter. Dr. Sevigny explains to Dr. Lin that he has seen this group of symptoms together in two patients before, and both of those patients were firefighters he had seen over 10 years ago.
-By thinking that the patient must be a firefighter to have these symptoms,Dr.Sevigny is committing which error

Accepted Answer

A)  Ignoring base rates 
B)  Using the availability bias 
C)  Belief perseverance 
D)  Hindsight bias

Question 12

Patricia is a defense attorney. Her job requires her to confront witnesses about the limits of their memory capabilities. In addition, as a defense attorney Patricia is motivated to make the witnesses "slip-up" or even distort their memories of the events her client is being accused of.
-During a trial,the judge is asked to decide whether or not to accept the recovered memories of the victim as evidence.In which of the following scenarios should the judge feel most confident when accepting the victim's recovered memories as evidence

Accepted Answer

A)  If the repressed memories were recovered spontaneously. 
B)  If the repressed memories were recovered with the help of a therapist. 
C)  If the victim is female and she claims to have experienced sexual abuse. 
D)  If the victim is male and he claims to have experienced physical abuse.

Question 13

Monica is a first-year student at Carleton and she is taking a lot of introductory courses. Monica has a 14-year-old brother named Ross who often visits her in her dorm on the weekend and watches R-rated violent movies and TV shows while she studies. Monica becomes worried about the some of the media content that Ross is watching.
-According to Bandura which of the following is more likely if Ross starts watching porn on the Internet

Accepted Answer

A)  It will act as a catharsis for Ross. 
B)  It will act as a model for Ross to emulate. 
C)  It will act as a negative reinforcer for Ross. 
D)  It will act as a negative role model for Ross.

Question 14

Molly is a private investigator and often finds herself relying on her memory to do her job. She is often required to remember tiny details in order to solve a case and to think on her feet. To hone her memory skills, Molly often memorizes lists of words for fun.
-One day in her office,one of the other detectives challenges Molly in a memory competition.In order to win,the two have to memorize a list of 20 pairs of words.You are asked to come up with the list of words for the competition.Which pair would you expect to be the hardest to memorize

Accepted Answer

A)  Loyalty and pride 
B)  Dog and sunrise 
C)  Effort and cat 
D)  Hotel and duty

Question 15

Alec wants to train his dog Magnus to sit on command. To achieve this goal, Alec starts by giving Magnus a strip of bacon and saying "sit" every time Magnus sits. A day later, Alec gives Magnus a strip of bacon and a pat on the head and says "sit" every time Magnus sits. Magnus seems to learn to sit on command. However, after a few days of training, Alec notices that Magnus now salivates and wags his tail whenever he hears the word "sit."
-Over the following days,Alec noticed that Magnus would salivate and wag his tail whenever he heard Alec say the word "fit".What is this known as

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  an unconditioned response 
D)  a fixed action pattern

Question 16

Monica is a first-year student at Carleton and she is taking a lot of introductory courses. Monica has a 14-year-old brother named Ross who often visits her in her dorm on the weekend and watches R-rated violent movies and TV shows while she studies. Monica becomes worried about the some of the media content that Ross is watching.
-One day,Ross is hanging out in Monica's dorm room when Rachel,Monica's best friend,storms in and her punches a pillow in rage.In which of the following scenarios is Ross also likely to punch a pillow

Accepted Answer

A)  If he sees Monica high-five Rachel after she punches the pillow. 
B)  If he has a crush on Rachel. 
C)  If he is told not to ever punch a pillow like Rachel. 
D)  If he has also seen someone punch a pillow in a movie.

Question 17

Jared is a stay-at-home dad who takes care of his five-year-old daughter Olivia. Olivia is hyperactive and does not often listen to Jared. Jared is trying to find new ways to get his daughter to brush her teeth, which she always refuses to do. Jared has come up with the solution to give Olivia a sticker every three times she brushes her teeth without him telling her to.
-One day while at the grocery store,Olivia gets upset and throws a major temper tantrum over a chocolate bar.Jared tells her that she is going on a time-out in a couple of hours when they get back home.It is most likely that the punishment Jared gave Olivia will __________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  not be effective because it is not severe enough 
B)  not be effective because it is not swift enough 
C)  be effective only if Jared gives a reward to Olivia next time they are at a grocery store and she behaves 
D)  be effective only if it is paired with corporal punishment

Question 18

Dory is a first-year psychology student at Carleton University and is often teased for having a terrible memory. Dory is famous for not paying attention to details and not being able to remember crucial information when she needs it. After taking a first-year psychology course and learning more about memory, Dory is motivated to figure out how to begin remembering more.
-According to the spreading activation theory,which of the following words is Dory most likely to remember if she hears the word "fire engine"

Accepted Answer

A)  red 
B)  bus 
C)  vehicle 
D)  street

Question 19

Jared is a stay-at-home dad who takes care of his five-year-old daughter Olivia. Olivia is hyperactive and does not often listen to Jared. Jared is trying to find new ways to get his daughter to brush her teeth, which she always refuses to do. Jared has come up with the solution to give Olivia a sticker every three times she brushes her teeth without him telling her to.
-Jared is giving Olivia a sticker according to a ____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  fixed interval 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  variable interval

Question 20

Dr. Lin is a new doctor who just finished her medical school residency last year. She is working with Dr. Sevigny, who has 20 years of experience. They are working in the Emergency Room together. A patient comes in with a long list of weird symptoms. Because the symptoms are odd, Dr. Lin decides to ask Dr. Sevigny for some help so she can be sure to provide a correct diagnosis. When the patient says he has a stuffy nose, shoulder pain, and a numb left foot, Dr. Sevigny asks him if he is a firefighter. Dr. Sevigny explains to Dr. Lin that he has seen this group of symptoms together in two patients before, and both of those patients were firefighters he had seen over 10 years ago.
-Dr.Sevigny has actually seen five patients in the past with these symptoms,but only two of them were firefighters.Dr.Sevigny still thinks it is likely that the new patient is also a firefighter.His assumption suggests Dr.Sevigny is guilty of _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ignoring base rates 
B)  the availability bias 
C)  the Gambler's Fallacy 
D)  the overconfidence bias

Exam 6: C: Learning