Question 1

If you are using "shaping" to increase the likelihood that a child will put away all his toys,what would you need to do each time the child does a better job of putting away his toys than he did previously

Accepted Answer

A)  give the child a closer approximation to the reinforcement 
B)  model the correct behaviour by picking up the remaining toys 
C)  provide reinforcement to the child 
D)  give the child a UCS

Question 2

What has been demonstrated by research examining the long-term effects of media violence

Accepted Answer

A)  The more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school. 
B)  Watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children. 
C)  No consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behaviour. 
D)  The more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school.

Question 3

What is the major difference between responses that are relevant to classical conditioning and responses that are relevant to operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical responses are elicited while operant responses are emitted. 
B)  Classical responses are emitted while operant responses are elicited. 
C)  Classical responses are innate while operant responses are learned. 
D)  Classical responses are learned while operant responses are innate.

Question 4

Why are primary reinforcers effective

Accepted Answer

A)  They satisfy biological needs. 
B)  The organism has learned to desire them. 
C)  We want approval for our actions. 
D)  They have been associated with secondary reinforcers.

Question 5

When Amir was a teenager,his mother nagged him repeatedly to clean his room.He learned that if he cleaned his room on Saturday mornings,she would not start nagging at all.What does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  avoidance learning 
C)  escape learning 
D)  negative punishment

Question 6

What does it mean when learning theorists use the term "salient" to describe stimuli

Accepted Answer

A)  It means the stimulus is pertaining to the sense of taste. 
B)  It means they are more susceptible to spontaneous recovery. 
C)  It means they are less likely to be noticed. 
D)  It means they are more likely to stand out among other stimuli.

Question 7

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with a company's product.Which learning principles are typically applied for this purpose

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  behaviour modification 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 8

What happens to an operant response,in order to extinguish that response

Accepted Answer

A)  It is followed by intermittent reinforcement. 
B)  It is no longer associated with the CS. 
C)  It is no longer followed by reinforcement. 
D)  It is followed by continuous punishment

Question 9

Zane is allowed to play video games after every time he helps with doing dishes.What is this pattern of reinforcement called

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous reinforcement 
B)  secondary reinforcement 
C)  intermittent reinforcement 
D)  primary reinforcement

Question 10

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween,at first Billy's neighbours had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag.As he continued to visit houses in the neighbourhood,soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbours answered the door.Which operant conditioning term is used to describe the cue provided by the neighbours answering the door

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  reward 
D)  reinforcer

Question 11

What is a procedure called when a response is strengthened by following it with a rewarding stimulus

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  primary reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 12

When you were a child and you first realized that you could use money to buy candy and other treats,what did money become

Accepted Answer

A)  a secondary reinforcer 
B)  an operant reinforcer 
C)  a classical reinforcer 
D)  a primary reinforcer

Question 13

Last year Stacia went to a psychologist and was cured of her dog phobia.Today,however,while jogging in the park she was overcome with anxiety when she saw a young man jogging toward her with his golden retriever on a leash.What happened to Stacia's dog phobia

Accepted Answer

A)  It had not been extinguished after all. 
B)  It showed spontaneous recovery. 
C)  It showed stimulus generalization. 
D)  It showed higher-order conditioning.

Question 14

The cats that escaped from Thorndike's puzzle boxes got faster at escaping over time,but the change was quite gradual.What did Thorndike interpret about this pattern of behaviour change

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning occurs as a result of gradual strengthening of rewarded behaviours. 
B)  Learning is enhanced when there is time for reflection in between trials. 
C)  Cats require exposure to experienced models to learn appropriately. 
D)  Cats are capable of thinking and understand the problems they solve.

Question 15

A wolf eats a new food that has a novel taste and smell that it finds at a place where it had never found food before.Hours after eating the food,the wolf develops nausea.In the future,which foods are most likely to be avoided by that wolf

Accepted Answer

A)  those found at the same place 
B)  those of the same taste or smell 
C)  those of the same colour 
D)  those found at the same time of day

Question 16

At preschool,Courtney has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack.At home,however,her parents do not check to make sure she washes her hands.When she is home,Courtney does not wash her hands before eating.Which process does Courtney's behaviour illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  shaping 
C)  stimulus discrimination 
D)  higher-order conditioning

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov and B.F.Skinner viewed conditioning as a purely mechanical process,but how do modern learning psychologists view conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  It is still viewed as a clearly mechanical process. 
B)  It is seen as a predominantly passive process. 
C)  It is seen as also involving cognitive components. 
D)  It is seen as a predominantly active process.

Question 18

A rat gets food for pushing a lever when a green light is on but no food for pushing a lever when a red light is on.As a result of stimulus discrimination,what will the rat do

Accepted Answer

A)  push a lever only when the red light is on 
B)  stop responding to both the green and red lights 
C)  push a lever only when the green light is on 
D)  respond equally to the green and red lights

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  ending a time-out when the child apologizes for her behaviour 
B)  allowing a student to take a make-up exam 
C)  grounding a teenager for missing curfew 
D)  giving a student extra credit for class participation

Question 20

In classical conditioning,what is the term for the initial stage of learning a new association

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition 
B)  habituation 
C)  adaptation 
D)  contingency

Exam 6: B: Learning