Question 1

According to Freud, which of the following would NOT cause a child to become "fixated" in a stage of development?

Accepted Answer

A)   insufficient gratification
B)   excessive gratification
C)   conflicts in gratification
D)   intrapsychic conflict D

Question 2

Which of the following is suggested by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   A child's exchanges with adults help organize the child's learning experiences.
B)   Children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments.
C)   Factors such as ethnicity and gender do NOT play an important role in development.
D)   Children are like miniature adults and need to be nurtured to obtain cognitive skills. A

Question 3

Ethology was heavily influenced by the work of Charles Darwin.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

A key Vygotskian concept is the zone of proximal development.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

According to Freud, becoming "fixated" in a stage of psychosexual development is a result of receiving too little or too much gratification during that stage.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Random assignment in an experiment reduces the likelihood that a selection factor determines the outcome.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   making the punishment consistent
B)   making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule
C)   having the punishment immediately follow the behaviour it is meant to punish
D)   pairing punishment of the wrong behaviour with reinforcement of the correct behaviour

Question 8

Baby Thomas has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib.According to Piaget, what term refers to these cognitive structures?

Accepted Answer

A)   theories
B)   schemes
C)   assimilation categories
D)   accommodation categories

Question 9

Philosophers once believed children to be a "tabula rasa." What is meant by this belief?

Accepted Answer

A)   Children are born with fears that must be overcome.
B)   Children are born inherently selfish in order to survive.
C)   Children can be influenced by their experiences.
D)   Children are born with all that they need for survival.

Question 10

What are the costs and benefits of the longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-sequential research methods?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the costs and benefits of...

Question 11

Which of the following is considered to be a positive influence of Erikson's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.
B)   It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
C)   It reminds us that humans are selfish therefore, ultimately able to meet their own needs, and achieve goals.
D)   It suggests that childhood experiences can easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.

Question 12

According to Freud, during what stage can boys develop strong attachments to their mothers while girls form strong attachments to their fathers?

Accepted Answer

A)   the oral stage
B)   the anal stage
C)   the genital stage
D)   the phallic stage

Question 13

John Locke's conception of children (i.e., as a tabula rasa) was as passive recipients of actions from the environment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which developmental theorist suggested that a child is born with unlimited possibilities but can develop in unimaginable ways as a result of direction, guidance, and teaching?

Accepted Answer

A)   John Watson
B)   B.F. Skinner
C)   Jean Piaget
D)   John Locke

Question 15

According to one theory, when external limits, such as parental demands, are internalized, they conflict with inner forces.A child's observable behaviour, thoughts, and feelings reflect the outcomes of this conflict.What is the name of this theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   learning theory
B)   behavioural theory
C)   psychoanalytic theory
D)   cognitive-developmental theory

Question 16

How has the idea that childhood is a special time of life developed over time?

Accepted Answer

A)   This idea declined throughout the 20th century.
B)   This idea became evident during the Industrial Revolution.
C)   This idea occurred at a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution.
D)   This idea corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time.

Question 17

Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are "fruit." One day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange.She tells Cynthia the orange is also "fruit." How does Cynthia process this new information and her scheme of "fruit"?

Accepted Answer

A)   She ignores the new information about oranges.
B)   She assimilates the new information about oranges into the existing scheme.
C)   She incorporates the information so that her scheme now includes apples and oranges.
D)   She eliminates the concept of apple so that her scheme of fruit now contains only oranges.

Question 18

What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

Accepted Answer

A)   anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital
B)   anal, oral ,latency, phallic, genital
C)   phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
D)   oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 19

How is the scientific method used to examine human development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is the scientific method used to...

Question 20

According to Piaget, what is a scheme?

Accepted Answer

A)   something babies suck
B)   the interaction between the environment and the organism
C)   an innate knowledge structure that does NOT change with development
D)   a pattern of action or cognitive structures used in acquiring or organizing knowledge

Exam 1: History, Theories, and Methods

According to Freud, which of the following would NOT cause a child to become "fixated" in a stage of development?

Which of the following is suggested by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Ethology was heavily influenced by the work of Charles Darwin.

A key Vygotskian concept is the zone of proximal development.

According to Freud, becoming "fixated" in a stage of psychosexual development is a result of receiving too little or too much gratification during that stage.

Random assignment in an experiment reduces the likelihood that a selection factor determines the outcome.

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

Baby Thomas has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib.According to Piaget, what term refers to these cognitive structures?

Philosophers once believed children to be a "tabula rasa." What is meant by this belief?

What are the costs and benefits of the longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-sequential research methods?

Which of the following is considered to be a positive influence of Erikson's theory?

According to Freud, during what stage can boys develop strong attachments to their mothers while girls form strong attachments to their fathers?

John Locke's conception of children (i.e., as a tabula rasa) was as passive recipients of actions from the environment.

Which developmental theorist suggested that a child is born with unlimited possibilities but can develop in unimaginable ways as a result of direction, guidance, and teaching?

According to one theory, when external limits, such as parental demands, are internalized, they conflict with inner forces.A child's observable behaviour, thoughts, and feelings reflect the outcomes of this conflict.What is the name of this theory?

How has the idea that childhood is a special time of life developed over time?

Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are "fruit." One day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange.She tells Cynthia the orange is also "fruit." How does Cynthia process this new information and her scheme of "fruit"?

What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

How is the scientific method used to examine human development?

According to Piaget, what is a scheme?