Question 1

Exhibit 7-2: Label the following characteristics of sampling procedures as convenience, purposive, or quota.
-Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Taking subjects wherever you find them.

Accepted Answer

A)  Convenience 
B)  Purposive 
C)  Quota

Question 2

Exhibit 7-2: Label the following characteristics of sampling procedures as convenience, purposive, or quota.
-Refer to Exhibit 7-1.All individual cases have a non-zero chance of being selected.

Accepted Answer

A)  simple random 
B)  stratified 
C)  cluster 
D)  systematic

Question 3

Explain what a p value means?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what a p value means?...

Question 4

A researcher wants a 90 percent chance of rejecting the null hypothesis at the one-tailed .05 level with an effect size of .15.The sample size needed is about

Accepted Answer

A)  140. 
B)  160. 
C)  180. 
D)  200. 
E)  380

Question 5

Exhibit 7-13: An investigator wished to look at the relationship between the aspirations of high school juniors for a college education and their current grade point averages.He asked 150 high school juniors whether or not they wanted to attend college.The following data were obtained:
 $\begin{array}{lllll} 
&&&GPA\
& & \text { Below average } & \text { Average } & \text { Above average } \
\text { Aspiration } & \text { Yes } & 15 & 25 & 35 \
\text { to attend College } & \text { No } & 35 & 25 & 15
\end{array}$ 
Apply the XS1U1P12S1S1P0 test to the above data and then answer the following questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 7-13.The expected frequency for above-average students who want to attend college is

Accepted Answer

A)  15. 
B)  20. 
C)  25. 
D)  35.

Question 6

Which of these errors, Type I or Type II, does power influence? Give an example of a study where a one-tailed test would be appropriate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these errors, Type I or...

Question 7

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
 $\begin{array}{l}
\begin{array}{lll}
\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \
50 & 59 \
45 & 57 \
42 & 57 \
41 & 55 \
40 & 56 \
39 & 53 \
38 & 51
\end{array}
\begin{array}{lll}
\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \

60 & 49 \
56 & 45 \
56 & 45 \
55 & 42 \
54 & 41 \
51 & 39 \
50 & 37
\end{array}
\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.What is the value for the chosen statistic?

Accepted Answer

A)  .70 
B)  28.589 
C)  49.333 
D)  None of these are true.

Question 8

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
-Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do customers spend more through a store's catalog or in person at the store?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi Square 
B)  Multifactor Analysis of Variance 
C)  t-test for dependent means 
D)  t-test for independent means 
E)  None of these are true.

Question 9

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$ \begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \ & 16.33 & 13.50 \ &1.03 & 2.74 \& 6 & 6 \ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \ & 3.55 & 2.14 \ & 6 & 6\end{array} $
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
 $\begin{array}{ll}
\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text {  MS}} & \underline { \text {   F}}\
\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \
\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \
\text { Interaction }\
\text { Error } & 128.500 \
\text { Total } & 102950
\end{array}$
-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for the Interaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  20 
D)  24

Question 10

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
-Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do college graduation and generation membership influence the amount of money people are willing to be spend on a house?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi Square 
B)  Multifactor Analysis of Variance 
C)  t-test for dependent means 
D)  t-test for independent means 
E)  None of these are true.

Question 11

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$ \begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \ & 16.33 & 13.50 \ &1.03 & 2.74 \& 6 & 6 \ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \ & 3.55 & 2.14 \ & 6 & 6\end{array} $
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
 $\begin{array}{ll}
\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text {  MS}} & \underline { \text {   F}}\
\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \
\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \
\text { Interaction }\
\text { Error } & 128.500 \
\text { Total } & 102950
\end{array}$
-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.Which of the following is associated with greatest power

Accepted Answer

A)  small effect size, small number, small heterogeneity. 
B)  large effect size, small number, small heterogeneity. 
C)  large effect size, large number, small heterogeneity. 
D)  large effect size, large number, large heterogeneity.

Question 12

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:
 $ \begin{array}{lll}\text {Subject } & {\text {Test 1 }}{} & \text {Test 2 } \ 1 & 20 & 19 \ 2 & 20 & 20 \ 3 & 24 & 21 \ 4 & 24 & 24 \ 5 & 24 & 22 \ 6 & 17 & 15 \ 7 & 18 & 15 \ 8 & 18 & 16 \ 9 & 20&  18\end{array} $
-Refer to Exhibit 7-4.The researchers can conclude that:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no statistically significant evidence that students who use the new ACT training will improve their ACT scores. 
B)  the evidence suggests the new training improves ACT scores. 
C)  the evidence suggests the new ACT training decreases ACT scores. 
D)  none of these are true.

Question 13

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week:

$\begin{array}{lccc}
&&& \underline { \text { Products for }}\
&\underline { \text { Dogs }} & \underline { \text { Cats }} & \underline { \text { Fish }} & \underline { \text {  Birds}} & \underline { \text {  Rodents }}\
\text { Customers }&46&48&35&28&28
\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-8.The store owner

Accepted Answer

A)  should continue to buy supplies in equal quantities. 
B)  should adjust the quantity of supplies. 
C)  does not have enough evidence to make a decision. 
D)  None of these are true.

Question 14

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
 $\begin{array}{l}
\begin{array}{lll}
\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \
50 & 59 \
45 & 57 \
42 & 57 \
41 & 55 \
40 & 56 \
39 & 53 \
38 & 51
\end{array}
\begin{array}{lll}
\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \

60 & 49 \
56 & 45 \
56 & 45 \
55 & 42 \
54 & 41 \
51 & 39 \
50 & 37
\end{array}
\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.What test is most appropriate for this data and hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi Square Goodness of Fit 
B)  Independent t-test 
C)  One-way Analysis of Variance 
D)  Multifactor Analysis of Variance

Question 15

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:
 $ \begin{array}{lll}\text {Subject } & {\text {Test 1 }}{} & \text {Test 2 } \ 1 & 20 & 19 \ 2 & 20 & 20 \ 3 & 24 & 21 \ 4 & 24 & 24 \ 5 & 24 & 22 \ 6 & 17 & 15 \ 7 & 18 & 15 \ 8 & 18 & 16 \ 9 & 20&  18\end{array} $
-Refer to Exhibit 7-4.What test is most appropriate for this data and hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi square 
B)  Correlated t-test 
C)  Independent t-test 
D)  Pearson's r

Question 16

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$ \begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \ & 16.33 & 13.50 \ &1.03 & 2.74 \& 6 & 6 \ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \ & 3.55 & 2.14 \ & 6 & 6\end{array} $
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
 $\begin{array}{ll}
\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text {  MS}} & \underline { \text {   F}}\
\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \
\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \
\text { Interaction }\
\text { Error } & 128.500 \
\text { Total } & 102950
\end{array}$
-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for Error?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  20 
D)  24

Question 17

What is the purpose of sampling?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the purpose of sampling?...

Question 18

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
-Refer to Exhibit 7-10.A significantly greater proportion of special education teachers have "burned out" compared to the proportion of regular classroom teachers.

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi Square 
B)  Multifactor Analysis of Variance 
C)  t-test for dependent means 
D)  t-test for independent means 
E)  None of these are true.

Question 19

Exhibit 7-11: In a 2 $\times$ 3 experimental design three kinds of treatments (A, B, and C) were used with two groups of subjects (M and N).The number of subjects and the mean of each group are as follows:
 $\begin{array}{lll}
&&&\text { Treatments }\
&&\mathrm{A} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} \
&\mathrm{~M}&\mathrm{X}=20 & \mathrm{X}=18 & \mathrm{X}=16 \
&&\mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 \
\text { subjects } \
&\mathrm{~N}&\mathrm{X}=12 & \mathrm{X}=14 & \mathrm{X}=16 \
&&\mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5
\end{array}$ 
The following is the incomplete summary table of multifactor analysis of variance.Complete the table and answer the following questions.
 $\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Source of variation } & S S & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text {  MS}} & \underline { \text {   F}}\
\hline \text { Between columns } & 0 \
\text { Between rows } & 120 \
\text { Interaction } & \
\hline \text { Between groups } & 200 \
\text { Within groups } & \
\hline \text { Tntal } & 454
\end{array}$
-Refer to Exhibit 7-11.Assume that the F ratios for between rows and interaction are statistically significant, but the F ratio for between columns is not statistically significant.In accepting these results, is it possible that

Accepted Answer

A)  we make only Type I errors. 
B)  we make only Type II errors. 
C)  we make both Type I and Type II errors. 
D)  we make neither Type I nor Type II errors.

Question 20

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.
 $ \begin{array}{ll}{\text {CBT }}{} & \text {Control }\ 52 & 65  \ 55 & 45 \ 56 & 47 \ 53 & 46 \ 50 & 47 \ 49 & 33 \ 52 & 39 \ 53 & 49\end{array} $
-Refer to Exhibit 7-3.The degrees of freedom for the test are the

Accepted Answer

A)  number of rows -1 time the number of columns -1. 
B)  number of pairs of numbers -1. 
C)  total number of cases -2. 
D)  None of these are true.

Exam 7: Sampling and Inferential Statistics

Exhibit 7-2: Label the following characteristics of sampling procedures as convenience, purposive, or quota. -Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Taking subjects wherever you find them.

Exhibit 7-2: Label the following characteristics of sampling procedures as convenience, purposive, or quota. -Refer to Exhibit 7-1.All individual cases have a non-zero chance of being selected.

Explain what a p value means?

A researcher wants a 90 percent chance of rejecting the null hypothesis at the one-tailed .05 level with an effect size of .15.The sample size needed is about

Which of these errors, Type I or Type II, does power influence? Give an example of a study where a one-tailed test would be appropriate.

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations. -Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do customers spend more through a store's catalog or in person at the store?

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations. -Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do college graduation and generation membership influence the amount of money people are willing to be spend on a house?

What is the purpose of sampling?

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations. -Refer to Exhibit 7-10.A significantly greater proportion of special education teachers have "burned out" compared to the proportion of regular classroom teachers.