Question 1

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

Accepted Answer

A)  life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. 
B)  memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. 
C)  people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. 
D)  our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

Question 2

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

Accepted Answer

A)  remember more details about the event. 
B)  make more errors in their recollections. 
C)  report less confidence about their recollections. 
D)  report less vivid recollections of the event.

Question 3

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

Accepted Answer

A)  the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. 
B)  different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. 
C)  the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. 
D)  the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

Question 4

In discussing the survival value of the memory system, your text highlights the undesirability of

Accepted Answer

A)  weapons focus. 
B)  shallow processing. 
C)  the reminiscence bump. 
D)  photographic memory.

Question 5

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples.First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store.After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line.Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store.As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  narrative; semantic 
B)  script; semantic 
C)  narrative; episodic 
D)  script; episodic

Question 6

Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses.

Accepted Answer

A)  narrative-rehearsal 
B)  cognitive 
C)  memory-trace replacement 
D)  confabulation

Question 7

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is vivid memory for emotional events. 
B)  It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. 
C)  It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. 
D)  It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections. 
B)  Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. 
C)  Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. 
D)  Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable.

Question 9

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Accepted Answer

A)  Observer perspective 
B)  Pragmatic inference 
C)  Prospective memory 
D)  Automatic narrative

Question 10

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  narrative rehearsal. 
B)  cryptomnesia. 
C)  repeated reproduction. 
D)  repeated recall.

Question 11

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there.This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  schemas 
B)  scripts 
C)  confabulation 
D)  bias

Question 12

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

Accepted Answer

A)  the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. 
B)  the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. 
C)  the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. 
D)  the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Question 13

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later.These results support the

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive hypothesis. 
B)  self-image hypothesis. 
C)  narrative rehearsal hypothesis. 
D)  autobiographical hypothesis.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?

Accepted Answer

A)  A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. 
B)  A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. 
C)  A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. 
D)  A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

Question 15

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report.In this study, the MPI was (were)the word(s)

Accepted Answer

A)  "fast." 
B)  "smashed." 
C)  "miles per hour." 
D)  "car crash."

Question 16

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

Accepted Answer

A)  the more accurate the memories are. 
B)  the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. 
C)  the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. 
D)  the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

Question 17

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

Accepted Answer

A)  sequential 
B)  simultaneous

Question 18

The "telephone game" is often played by children.One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on.When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies.This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

Accepted Answer

A)  life-narrative 
B)  narrative-rehearsal 
C)  consequentiality based 
D)  constructive

Question 19

The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Accepted Answer

A)  rehearsal cannot account for them. 
B)  people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). 
C)  extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. 
D)  they are permanent and resist forgetting.

Exam 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors