Question 1

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called _____,in which the organism,exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli,learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

Accepted Answer

A)   instinctive drift
B)   extinction
C)   learned helplessness
D)   generalization C

Question 2

_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Accepted Answer

A)   Generalization
B)   Discrimination
C)   Extinction
D)   Latent learning C

Question 3

Taste aversion is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   immunosuppression
B)   classical conditioning
C)   observational learning
D)   counterconditioning B

Question 4

According to Bandura's model of observational learning,which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

Accepted Answer

A)   Attention
B)   Motor reproduction
C)   Replication
D)   Reinforcement

Question 5

Bubba,a very smart German shepherd,has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they're grilling,they will throw him a candy.However,his owner Paul,does not want Bubba to eat candy as it is not good for his health.He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbor.When Paul is in the yard,Bubba never barks at the neighbors.According to operant conditioning principles,Bubba is demonstrating that he can _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   generalize
B)   substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available
C)   learn a partial-reinforcement schedule
D)   discriminate

Question 6

Ally,an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time,despite her practicing every day.Which of the following explains Ally's attitude?

Accepted Answer

A)   Growth mindset
B)   Instinctive drift
C)   Preparedness
D)   Fixed mindset

Question 7

Discuss the fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedule of...

Question 8

_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A)   Generalization
B)   Discrimination
C)   Spontaneous recovery
D)   Latent learning

Question 9

In studying the _____,Tolman focused on cognitive mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

A)   discreetness of behavior
B)   purposiveness of behavior
C)   associative learning
D)   operant learning

Question 10

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.For her first lesson,her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches.Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor.Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Operant conditioning
B)   Classical conditioning
C)   Observational learning
D)   Latent learning

Question 11

Dr.Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes.Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students,he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it.Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr.Meyer closes the classroom door.Closing the door has become a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

A)   US
B)   CS
C)   UR
D)   CR

Question 12

According to Tolman,the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)   rewards
B)   punishment
C)   expectancy
D)   preparedness

Question 13

Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

A)   US
B)   CS
C)   UR
D)   CR

Question 14

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning
B)   operant conditioning
C)   latent learning
D)   discovery learning

Question 15

In operant conditioning,_____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

Accepted Answer

A)   rationalization
B)   extinction
C)   discrimination
D)   generalization

Question 16

Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups.These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping.Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia.You,however,a psychology student,quickly surmise that the bears had undergone _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   discovery learning
B)   classical conditioning
C)   secondary reinforcement
D)   operant conditioning

Question 17

_____ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Accepted Answer

A)   Generalization
B)   Spontaneous recovery
C)   Extinction
D)   Acquisition

Question 18

According to Thorndike's law of effect _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others
B)   behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened
C)   negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning
D)   an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context.

Question 19

_____,a third element of observational learning,is the process of imitating the model's actions.

Accepted Answer