Question 1

Latent learning is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior 
B)  based on insight and generalizations 
C)  highly susceptible to extinction 
D)  best explained by the concept of instinctive drift and positive reinforcement

Question 2

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner conducted many of his studies with animals as opposed to human subjects. 
B)  Skinner made every effort to study organisms under precisely controlled conditions. 
C)  Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals. 
D)  During World War II, Skinner carried out an unusual study that involved a pigeon-guided missile.

Question 3

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _____ whereas organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning; operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning; discovery learning 
D)  observational learning; classical conditioning

Question 4

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Accepted Answer

A)  Generalization 
B)  Discrimination 
C)  Spontaneous recovery 
D)  Latent learning

Question 5

Jose's employer pays him every other Friday.This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Variable-ratio 
B)  Fixed-interval 
C)  Variable-interval 
D)  Fixed-ratio

Question 6

_____ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement.However,this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning 
B)  Insight learning 
C)  Latent learning 
D)  Instinctive drift

Question 7

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Praise 
B)  Money 
C)  Food 
D)  Attention

Question 8

According to Bandura's model of observational learning,what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement 
B)  Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination 
C)  Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination 
D)  Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

Question 9

Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental actors that produce them. 
B)  The principles of learning are different for both animals and humans. 
C)  Mental activities (e.g., thinking, wishing, and hoping) are of greater importance, in comparison to observable behaviors. 
D)  Learning is defined as a rapid and unobservable change in behavior.

Question 10

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning,a white rat was used as a(n)_____ to condition Albert.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned response

Question 11

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Accepted Answer

A)  Operant conditioning 
B)  Classical conditioning 
C)  Latent learning 
D)  Discovery learning

Question 12

Leonard is addicted to heroin,but is very careful about overdosing.He always uses a specific amount and takes it only in his apartment.This Friday,he got desperate for the drug while visiting a friend.This was the first time he used heroin outside his own apartment.He injected his normal "safe" dose of heroin but almost died of an overdose.According to the principles of classical conditioning what led to Leonard's condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Leonard's friend switched his drugs in order to teach him not to use drugs by switching his US with his CS. 
B)  The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it. 
C)  Leonard's drug tolerance had reached its limits and his US was confounded with his CS and UR. 
D)  Leonard took his dose too soon and his body already had too much.

Question 13

In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park,when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose,they are rewarded with fish-mainly herring and salmon-every time after their act.The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  shaping 
C)  contiguity 
D)  extinction

Question 14

In operant conditioning,_____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior 
B)  which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus 
C)  neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses 
D)  behavior is a consequence of the CS

Question 15

Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper,so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website.You use this example as a model when writing your own paper.Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning 
B)  Operant conditioning 
C)  Observational learning 
D)  Insight learning

Question 16

_____ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors,discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking,wishing,and hoping.

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychoanalysis 
B)  Behaviorism 
C)  Humanism 
D)  Conditioning

Question 17

Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Discovery learning 
B)  Latent learning 
C)  Classical conditioning 
D)  Operant conditioning

Question 18

Watson and Rayner used _____ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

Accepted Answer

A)  a loud noise 
B)  fire 
C)  a white rat 
D)  a rabbit

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Martha's mother took her shopping after she got a low SAT score. Martha performed well next time. 
B)  Waking up a few seconds before your alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound. 
C)  Juan's mother told him that she would give him $10 if he mowed the lawn. Next day, the entire lawn was mowed and even the plants were watered. 
D)  Exercising less after running a mini marathon.

Question 20

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift 
B)  instinctive learning 
C)  preparedness 
D)  conceptualization

Exam 5: Learning