Question 1

Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of a behavior.Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Edward Thorndike 
B)  John Watson 
C)  Edward Tolman 
D)  Alfred Bandura

Question 2

Timothy believes that his infant son Jamie was born as a blank slate,knowing nothing about the world.This information suggests that Timothy most likely believes in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning 
B)  habituation 
C)  tabula rasa 
D)  long-term potentiation

Question 3

Dr.Goodman is a developmental psychologist.He finds that if parents in a household bring their own work home with them to do in the evenings,children in that household have better homework grades than children whose parents do not bring work home.
a) Explain what observational learning is and describe the two types of observational learning discussed in the textbook (modeling and vicarious conditioning).
b) Discuss how one of these concepts might explain Dr. Goodman's finding.
c) Do you think these children are more likely to do their homework because of modeling or because of vicarious conditioning? Explain your response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr.Goodman is a developmental psychologist.He finds that...

Question 4

You are having a great time at a work picnic.Then,a spider walks onto your picnic blanket.It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick.You immediately start to feel panic,which in this situation is most likely a(n)_______.

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response

Question 5

Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes.If Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise,causing her to blink when she sees the blue light,then this eye blink is a(n)_______.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns.After months of this exposure,she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown.Katie has been using _______ to overcome her fear.

Accepted Answer

A)  counterconditioning 
B)  systematic desensitization 
C)  extinction 
D)  modeling

Question 7

Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze.The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is _______ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  partial 
B)  interval 
C)  continuous 
D)  fixed

Question 8

William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day.Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ms. Simone, the pretty teacher who instructs William in several of his classes 
B)  Nadir, his best friend who likes all the same foods and movies as William 
C)  Ramone, the track star who is one of the most popular kids in the class 
D)  Mr. Schafer, the bus driver who is very talkative to the students he drives

Question 9

Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food.Professor McCready is using _______ to modify animal behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment 
B)  shaping 
C)  a Skinner box 
D)  the Premack principle

Question 10

At a football game,you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown.Because this is an unlearned response,in terms of classical conditioning,it would be called a(n)_______.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Albert has a beautiful garden in his backyard and notices that hummingbirds come to feed on the flowers at the same time each day in order to get the sweetest nectar.The hummingbirds are being rewarded for their feeding behavior on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 12

Billy hates it when his upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower.He is typically abruptly awakened when the water starts,but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep.In this example,Billy is showing learning through _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning 
B)  sensitization 
C)  habituation 
D)  modeling

Question 13

Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby.The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back.The baby most likely learned to smile in this situation based on _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  modeling 
C)  vicarious conditioning 
D)  insight learning

Question 14

When Mitch watches his brother Jacob stand on tiptoes to open the cabinet door,which of the following is most likely happening in Mitch's brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dopamine is acting on his reward regions as a positive reinforcer. 
B)  Long-term potentiation serves to remove synaptic connections. 
C)  The hippocampus relays a message about the last time Mitch opened the cabinet. 
D)  Mitch's mirror neurons are being activated.

Question 15

Vaughn grew up the 1970s and always wears bell-bottom pants because he feels most comfortable in them.Vaughn works for a fashion magazine and constantly tries to influence his magazine's readers to bring bell-bottoms back into style.If successful,Vaughn will have influenced fashion by sharing knowledge about a culture,which is called _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a meme 
B)  reinforcement 
C)  vicarious conditioning 
D)  observational learning

Question 16

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs,he should _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  shove her to the ground every day whether she pets a dog or not 
B)  blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog 
C)  pretend to be afraid of dogs himself 
D)  give her a piece of candy every time she is afraid to go near a dog

Question 17

A rehabilitation center reinforces patients' good behaviors with Monopoly money,which they can then trade in for food,movies,or other privileges.When they behave badly,however,the patients lose Monopoly money.To modify the patients' behavior,the center is using _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a continuous schedule of reinforcement 
B)  a token economy 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 18

Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper,so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website.You use this example as a template when writing your own paper.You have used _______ to write a good research paper.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  shaping 
C)  modeling 
D)  vicarious conditioning

Question 19

Jonathan is traveling to Italy,and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome,do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  observational learning 
D)  habituation

Question 20

Professor Kraig is known for his difficult pop quizzes,which naturally make the students feel anxious.Immediately before he springs a quiz on his students and they start to feel anxious,he always shuts down his laptop to remove his lecture slides from the overhead screen.Students soon notice that they start to feel anxious when Professor Kraig reaches for his laptop and shuts it down.In terms of classical conditioning,Professor Kraig closing his laptop is a(n)_______.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response

Exam 6: Learning