Question 1

In operant conditioning,removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive punishment 
B)  negative punishment 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 2

Simone's desk at her new job is right next to an air conditioner.After a week of being chilly,she brings a sweater to work.Simone's change in behavior,which is based on her prior experience,is an example of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  learning 
B)  habituation 
C)  modeling 
D)  operant conditioning

Question 3

In Pavlov's research,classical conditioning occurred when the dogs learned the metronome predicted the arrival of food because this process began with a(n)_______ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical 
B)  conditioned 
C)  neutral 
D)  unconditioned

Question 4

First,describe non-associative learning and associative learning,including the similarities and differences between them.
Second,give one example of non-associative learning and explain why it is non-associative.Third,explain how non-associative learning is helpful because it allows people to adapt to their environments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of First,describe non-associative learning and associative learning,including the...

Question 5

Taylor's parents are very inconsistent with their child-rearing practices.Some days,Taylor can get away with climbing onto the back of the couch and jumping off,but other days she is punished.Taylor's parents are reinforcing her behavior on a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  fixed interval

Question 6

Gavin is a 3-year-old who used to color on the walls with his crayons.Gavin's father told him,"We color on paper,not on walls," and gave him a time-out.Gavin does not color on the walls anymore,which is most likely a result of all of the following EXCEPT _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning 
B)  long-term potentiation 
C)  learning 
D)  non-associative learning

Question 7

Professor Jackson wants his students to complete their reading assignments before he lectures on the material in class.He periodically gives them pop quizzes on the reading assignments.To encourage students to complete the reading assignments,the schedule of reinforcement he should use for the pop quizzes is a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio

Question 8

Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by initiating sex as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment.Channing knows that sex is a _______ reinforcer that will likely _______ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary; increase 
B)  primary; decrease 
C)  secondary; decrease 
D)  secondary; increase

Question 9

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning.Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  A rat learns to run through a maze quickly to get the food at the end of the maze. 
B)  A lab-raised monkey sees a wild monkey's reaction to a snake and then becomes fearful of snakes. 
C)  A puppy learns to get to the food kept in the pantry after watching his mother open the door. 
D)  A cheetah injures rather than kills her prey in order to teach her cubs how to hunt.

Question 10

Sandra is toilet training her son and only rewards him some of the time when he uses the toilet.Sandra knows that using partial reinforcement creates behaviors that are more enduring than does continuous reinforcement,which is a result of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the partial-reinforcement extinction effect 
B)  the law of effect 
C)  primary reinforcement 
D)  the Premack principle

Question 11

Dr.Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the effects it produces.Dr.Brimfield is most likely to use _______ to teach his daughter to play the violin.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  observational learning 
D)  modeling

Question 12

The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office.The plant workers get paid every Friday; however,the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make.The plant workers are paid on a _______ schedule,whereas the office workers are paid on a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio; variable interval 
B)  fixed interval; fixed ratio 
C)  variable ratio; fixed interval 
D)  variable interval; variable ratio

Question 13

Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes.Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself.Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  modeling 
D)  partial reinforcement

Question 14

You have just been hired at your dream job.You show up for the first day of work and want to make a good first impression but are uncertain of how to behave.
a) Provide two examples of how you could use observational learning to help you in this situation.
b) Give one example of how vicarious conditioning could be used in this situation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have just been hired at your...

Question 15

Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem even after sitting at his desk for an hour.He gets up and goes for a walk.Suddenly,even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while,the answer comes to him.Aldo has most likely solved the problem based on _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning 
B)  a cognitive map 
C)  latent learning 
D)  behavior modification

Question 16

Lea is distressed to find that over the course of her first semester in college,she has gained 15 pounds.She knows that she likes to hang out at the dining hall with friends and is not used to having so many food options (particularly unhealthy ones!)around all the time.Lea also keeps snacks in her room to eat so that she will not fall asleep when she is up late studying or to make her feel better when she is stressed out over her workload.
a) Give a description of how each of the three main types of learning (non-associative, associative, and learning by watching others) does or does not explain Lea's behavior during her semester at college. Give one example of each type of learning.
b) How has long-term potentiation in Lea's brain influenced her behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lea is distressed to find that over...

Question 17

Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says,"Sit." But now,anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting.This is most likely the result of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  extinction 
D)  second-order conditioning

Question 18

When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar,Jackson correctly says that both _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase the probability of a behavior 
B)  decrease the probability of a behavior 
C)  remove a stimulus 
D)  add a stimulus

Question 19

Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it.Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat.Soon,the dog salivates to the picture of the circle.When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval without then showing him a piece of meat,the dog does not salivate,which is best explained by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  second-order conditioning

Question 20

George is traveling to visit his friend Ryan in a neighboring town but has to take a detour due to road construction.At first George feels lost,but then he notices a sign for Madison Street and immediately knows where he is and how to navigate to Ryan's house.In this situation,George has reached Ryan's by using _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a cognitive map 
B)  insight learning 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  positive punishment

Exam 6: Learning