Question 1

Piaget used the term __________ to describe the guidelines individuals use to organize and adapt to their environments.

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive structures 
B) defence mechanisms 
C) formal concepts 
D) life structures

Question 2

For Vygotsky,interpsychological influences on development are based on:

Accepted Answer

A) self-talk by the child. 
B) interactions with parents,teachers,and friends. 
C) maturation of cognitive processes. 
D) rewarding greater complexity of thought processes.

Question 3

For Vygotsky,__________ is the process by which we take what we have observed and incorporate it into our own behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) internalization 
B) accommodation 
C) assimilation 
D) scaffolding

Question 4

A major reason Erikson's theory of development has remained influential was his reliance on:

Accepted Answer

A) cross-cultural and historical comparisons. 
B) comprehensive observation of his own children rather than relying on the memory of adults. 
C) interviews of middle-age adults from many socioeconomic strata. 
D) reviews of major theories in western cultures.

Question 5

Each of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development is marked by some type of:

Accepted Answer

A) crisis. 
B) defence mechanism. 
C) pleasure centre. 
D) cognitive resolve.

Question 6

Which of the following is analogous to the ego?

Accepted Answer

A) Rational thinker 
B) Conscience 
C) Pleasure-seeking 
D) Bodily instincts

Question 7

Erik Erikson based his theory of development on which of the following populations?

Accepted Answer

A) Germans 
B) South Asians 
C) Sioux of South Dakota 
D) all of these and others

Question 8

According to Freud,each stage of development is based on a:

Accepted Answer

A) psychosocial crisis. 
B) sensitive period. 
C) pleasure centre. 
D) defence mechanism.

Question 9

__________ is considered the "father of modern psychology" by many.

Accepted Answer

A) Erik Erikson 
B) John B.Watson 
C) William James 
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 10

When 9-month-old Hannah climbed to the top of the stairs,her parents praised her and clapped their hands.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive association. 
D) role modeling.

Question 11

Children are able to be potty-trained,because they have developed control of their anal sphincters as well as matured sufficiently to understand what is being asked of them.According to Vygotsky,this milestone is due to __________ processes.

Accepted Answer

A) proximal 
B) psychosocial 
C) elementary 
D) psychological

Question 12

Vygotsky used the term __________ processes for the sociocultural contributions to development.

Accepted Answer

A) ultimate 
B) psychological 
C) immediate 
D) psychosocial

Question 13

__________ refers to what a child can do on their own versus what they can accomplish with the assistance of an adult.

Accepted Answer

A) The zone of proximal development 
B) The preintellectual range 
C) The norm or reaction range 
D) Shaping

Question 14

Every day,6-month-old Kiri is fed,bathed,and dressed on a schedule.Her world is entirely predictable while her needs are met.If it remains so,according to Erikson,Kiri will develop:

Accepted Answer

A) initiative. 
B) trust. 
C) autonomy. 
D) identity.

Question 15

__________ theory is based on computers as a model of cognitive functioning.

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning 
B) Classical conditioning 
C) Information-processing 
D) Scaffolding

Question 16

__________ refers to the realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,heard or touched.

Accepted Answer

A) Object permanence 
B) Accommodation 
C) Assimilation 
D) Conservation of mass

Question 17

Piaget's greatest legacy is thought to be the attention he brought to the role of ___________ in development.

Accepted Answer

A) self-concept 
B) cognitive mechanisms 
C) genes 
D) social factors

Question 18

__________ based his developmental theory on observations of people from many cultures and socioeconomic strata,and upon historical figures.

Accepted Answer

A) Sigmund Freud 
B) Jean Piaget 
C) Erik Erikson 
D) Daniel Levinson

Question 19

For Vygotsky,intrapsychological influences on development are based on:

Accepted Answer

A) self-talk by the child. 
B) interactions with parents,teachers and friends. 
C) maturation of cognitive processes. 
D) rewarding greater complexity of thought processes.

Question 20

According to Freud,the term "libido" refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A) part of the personality that adheres to the reality principle. 
B) part of the mind that acts as a psychic censor 
C) force behind self-destructive behaviors. 
D) psychic energy that feeds the structures of the mind.

Exam 2: Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan