Question 1

Learning to recognize different automobile brands, animals, types of music, and even the answers on psychology tests all depend, in part, on

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent conditioning.
B)  systematic desensitization.
C)  operant stimulus discrimination.
D)  primary positive reinforcements. C

Question 2

Through _____, one learns to differentiate between antecedent stimuli that signal reward and nonreward.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning
B)  response chaining
C)  operant stimulus discrimination
D)  operant stimulus generalization C

Question 3

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to produce moderate response rates in which responding is low following reinforcement, but rapidly increases as the time for the next reinforcer approaches?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval
B)  fixed ratio
C)  variable ratio
D)  variable interval A

Question 4

Elaine is reinforced with a gold star for every math problem on her worksheet that she correctly completes.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the partial reinforcement effect.
B)  a variable interval.
C)  a fixed ratio schedule.
D)  continuous reinforcement.

Question 5

Jason's parents reward him with a play break after he has worked on his homework for 20 minutes.After 20 more minutes of study, he receives another play break and so on.Jason is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous
B)  fixed interval
C)  variable interval
D)  fixed ratio

Question 6

If spanking a child decreases the child's misbehavior, the parent has used

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement.
B)  aversive punishment.
C)  response cost.
D)  all of these.

Question 7

A rat learns to press a bar to turn off a mild shock it is receiving through the floor of its cage.In this case, bar pressing is

Accepted Answer

A)  being classically conditioned.
B)  rewarded by negative reinforcement.
C)  being learned through punishment.
D)  a positively reinforced motor skill.

Question 8

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well.If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework.The stickers in this example could also be called

Accepted Answer

A)  tokens.
B)  primary reinforcers.
C)  bribes.
D)  prepotent responses.

Question 9

In its most basic form, response cost can be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  aversive stimulation.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  a removal of a reinforcer.
D)  positive reinforcement.

Question 10

Information about the effects of a particular response is called

Accepted Answer

A)  branching.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  secondary reinforcement.
D)  feedback.

Question 11

During the training of the "sniffer" dogs who locate drugs, the dogs are reinforced only for approaching containers baited with drugs.This training illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  response chaining.
B)  systematic desensitization.
C)  operant stimulus discrimination.
D)  operant stimulus generalization.

Question 12

Primary reinforcers can

Accepted Answer

A)  produce comfort.
B)  end discomfort.
C)  satisfy some biological need.
D)  do all of these.

Question 13

_____ schedules of reinforcement produce slow, steady response rates with a tremendous resistance to extinction.

Accepted Answer

A)  Fixed ratio
B)  Fixed interval
C)  Variable interval
D)  Continuous reinforcement

Question 14

What do positive and negative reinforcement have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  They both have aversive qualities.
B)  They both have pleasant qualities.
C)  They both lead to a decrease in response frequencies.
D)  They both lead to an increase in response frequencies.

Question 15

New tools, such as _____ make it a lot easier for individuals to get feedback about their individual resource consumption.

Accepted Answer

A)  recycling data recorders
B)  green initiative diaries
C)  carbon footprint calculators
D)  ozone depletion updates

Question 16

You walk out into bright sunlight.You immediately reach in your purse and get your sunglasses.Putting on your sunglasses to escape the sun's bright light is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement.
B)  positive reinforcement.
C)  response cost.
D)  aversive punishment.

Question 17

When walking outside, your hands get so cold that they hurt.You take a pair of gloves out of your backpack and put them on, ending the pain.Putting on the gloves is

Accepted Answer

A)  negatively reinforced.
B)  a form of punishment.
C)  positively reinforced.
D)  a type of response cost.

Question 18

When a teenager loses his phone privileges or is "grounded," the parent is using

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement.
B)  response chaining.
C)  response cost.
D)  aversive punishment.

Question 19

A team referee who fines a coach for unsportsmanlike conduct is using

Accepted Answer

A)  aversive conditioning.
B)  modeling.
C)  negative reinforcement.
D)  punishment.

Question 20

The fact that responses that are not always followed by reinforcement become more and more resistant to extinction is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement-generalization effect.
B)  partial reinforcement effect.
C)  Skinner phenomenon.
D)  serendipity effect.

Exam 7: Extension B: Conditioning and Learning