Question 1

If the conditional distributions of Y do not change across the categories of X,any measure of association and the maximum difference would be

Accepted Answer

A)  1.00.
B)  0.00.
C)  0.10.
D)  100. B

Question 2

Measures of association help social scientists accomplish two important goals:

Accepted Answer

A)  prediction and forecasting.
B)  understanding causation and measuring concepts.
C)  prediction and correlation.
D)  prediction and understanding causation. D

Question 3

The distribution of scores on the dependent variable for a specific category of the independent variable is called

Accepted Answer

A)  associated categories.
B)  the distribution correlation.
C)  the conditional distribution of Y.
D)  the marginal response category. C

Question 4

If the maximum difference is greater than 30,the relationship is

Accepted Answer

A)  strong.
B)  moderate.
C)  weak.
D)  statistically significant.

Question 5

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules.In the first rule,the independent variable is

Accepted Answer

A)  ignored.
B)  squared.
C)  taken into account.
D)  expressed as a percentage.

Question 6

The closer the value of a measure of association is to one,

Accepted Answer

A)  the stronger the relationship.
B)  the more evenly the scores are distributed.
C)  the weaker the relationship.
D)  the more certain we are that the samples are representative.

Question 7

The relationship between measures of association and causal relations between variables may be summarized as

Accepted Answer

A)  association proves causation.
B)  association does not prove causation.
C)  association and causation are unrelated concepts.
D)  measures of association can be used only for prediction,never as evidence of a causal relationship between variables.

Question 8

"As the temperature rises,the crime rate increases."

Accepted Answer

A)  This is a positive relationship.
B)  If the temperature falls below zero degrees,there is no crime.
C)  If the temperature would remain stable,the crime rate would stay the same.
D)  Criminals should be incarcerated in Alaska.

Question 9

According to the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE),if two variables are associated then information about the independent variable

Accepted Answer

A)  eliminates errors in the prediction of the dependent variable.
B)  reduces the number of errors in predicting the dependent variable.
C)  has no effect on the ability to predict the dependent variable.
D)  decreases errors of prediction for negative relationships and increases errors for positive relationships.

Question 10

In tables larger than 2x2,the upper limit of phi

Accepted Answer

A)  can be greater than 1.00
B)  can be less than zero
C)  is no more than 0.05
D)  is 100

Question 11

A researcher can demonstrate a strong association between gender and income.Which variable is independent?

Accepted Answer

A)  gender
B)  both
C)  income
D)  neither

Question 12

Proportional reduction in error (PRE)measures of association are based on the logic of

Accepted Answer

A)  percentages.
B)  inference.
C)  prediction.
D)  zero errors.

Question 13

A study was made of marital satisfaction experienced by men and women.A phi of .07 was calculated for the relationship between gender and satisfaction.This result shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  women experience greater marital satisfaction.
B)  men experience greater marital satisfaction.
C)  there is a weak relationship between the variables.
D)  there is a positive relationship between the variables.

Question 14

When using bivariate tables to investigate association,researchers should always ____ in addition to analyzing measures of association.

Accepted Answer

A)  calculate chi square
B)  calculate column percentages
C)  conduct an ANOVA test
D)  calculate means,standard deviations,and medians

Question 15

If the conditional distributions of Y change,the variables are

Accepted Answer

A)  independent.
B)  not associated.
C)  significantly related.
D)  associateD.

Question 16

In the formula for Cramer's V,the expression (minimum of r-1,c-1)

Accepted Answer

A)  appears in the numerator.
B)  tells us to use phi if there are fewer than 3 rows or columns.
C)  is in the denominator.
D)  is used only for samples larger than 100.

Question 17

Which of the following measures of association is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE)?

Accepted Answer

A)  lambda
B)  phi
C)  Cramer's V
D)  alpha

Question 18

If there is no association between two variables,knowledge of the independent variable

Accepted Answer

A)  causes us to make more prediction errors.
B)  improves the accuracy of our predictions.
C)  does not change the number of errors of prediction.
D)  makes prediction of the dependent variable impossible.

Question 19

A state is considering legislation to establish a fifteen day waiting period for the purchase of hand guns.A sample of 392 citizens has been questioned regarding their opinions.Is there a relationship between sex and support for this law? Calculate percentages,Phi,and lambda for the table below and write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.
 $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline&&\text { Sex  }\
\hline && \text { Male } & \text { Female } \
\hline \text { Support } & \text { For } & 113 & 145 & 258 \
\hline & \text { Against } & 78 & 56 & 134 \
\hline & & 191 & 201 & 392 \
\hline
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of A state is considering legislation to establish...

Question 20

Measures of association provide the researcher with information that

Accepted Answer

A)  indicates the strength of a relationship between variables.
B)  assists him or her in making predictions from one variable to another.
C)  facilitates his or her understanding of causal relationships between variables.
D)  all of these

Exam 12: Introduction to Bivariate Association and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level