Question 1

If there is an association between two variables,

Accepted Answer

A) the scores of the cases are approximately equal. 
B) the distributions of the scores approach normality. 
C) all of the scores are in the same row in the bivariate table. 
D) the conditional distributions of Y change.

Question 2

If there is a positive association between two variables,

Accepted Answer

A) as one variable increases in value,the other also increases. 
B) as one variable decreases in value,the other increases. 
C) the researcher can be certain of his conclusions. 
D) neither variable can decrease.

Question 3

Tests of significance and measures of association provide information about sample data that is

Accepted Answer

A) complementary. 
B) contradictory. 
C) unnecessary. 
D) redundant.

Question 4

Tests of significance tell us if our results are non-random.To investigate the strength and direction of relationships,we must use

Accepted Answer

A) Chi square tests. 
B) ANOVA. 
C) percentages. 
D) measures of association.

Question 5

If social class is a cause of a person's political ideology,then ____ is the independent variable and ____ is dependent.

Accepted Answer

A) class;ideology 
B) ideology;class 
C) person;ideology 
D) information is not sufficient to tell which is independent and which dependent

Question 6

For tables larger than 2x2,phi can exceed 1.00.This makes phi

Accepted Answer

A) useless. 
B) difficult to interpret. 
C) the best measure of association. 
D) preferable to Cramer's V.

Question 7

In a bivariate table,the categories of the dependent variable are placed in the

Accepted Answer

A) rows. 
B) columns. 
C) marginals. 
D) far right-hand column.

Question 8

Measures of association ____ the importance of a relationship between variables.

Accepted Answer

A) nullify 
B) quantify 
C) prove 
D) maximize

Question 9

If the distribution of the scores of one variable changes across the categories of another variable,the variables

Accepted Answer

A) are associated to some extent 
B) are related in a way that is statistically significant 
C) have a cause and effect relationship 
D) are perfectly associated

Question 10

The table below displays the effects of hair color on political ideology for a sample.How should this relationship be characterized?
$\begin{array}{lcc}
&\underline{\text { Hair Color }}\
&\underline{\text { Blonde }}& \underline{\text { Not Blonde } }\
\text { Liberal }&{60 \%} &{60 \%} \
\text {Conservative  }&\underline{40 \%} & \underline{40 \%}\
&{100 \%} & {100 \%}\
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A) this is a strong,positive relationship 
B) this is a strong,negative relationship 
C) there is no relationship between these variables 
D) this is a perfect relationship

Question 11

If the maximum difference is less then 10,the relationship is

Accepted Answer

A) strong 
B) moderate 
C) weak 
D) statistically significant

Question 12

In a 2x2 table,phi ranges in value from

Accepted Answer

A) -1.00 to +1.00. 
B) 0 to 1.00. 
C) 0 to$\pm$1.00. 
D) 1 to 100.

Question 13

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The maximum difference is 25.This is a ____ relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) moderate 
B) negative 
C) positive 
D) strong

Question 14

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) moderate 
B) negative 
C) positive 
D) strong

Question 15

Conventionally,each column of a bivariate table represents

Accepted Answer

A) the highest scores of each variable. 
B) a category of the independent variable (X). 
C) a category of the dependent variable (Y). 
D) the lowest scores on each variable.

Question 16

With the independent variable in the columns,the "maximum difference" is the largest difference

Accepted Answer

A) in column percents in any row. 
B) in row percents in any column. 
C) between the marginals. 
D) between any two cell frequencies.

Question 17

In the case of a perfect association,predictions from one variable to another can be made

Accepted Answer

A) only if variables are measured at the nominal level. 
B) when at least one variable is ordinal. 
C) without error. 
D) only if the relationship is positive.

Question 18

Phi and Cramer's V would be appropriate as measures of association for variable measured at the

Accepted Answer

A) nominal level. 
B) ordinal level. 
C) interval-ratio level. 
D) continuous level.

Question 19

For variables measured at the nominal level,measures of association will have a lower limit of ____ and an upper limit of ____.

Accepted Answer

A) 0;100 
B) -1;+1 
C) 0;1 
D) 1;0

Question 20

For a 3x3 table,the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be

Accepted Answer

A) Cramer's V. 
B) phi. 
C) lambda. 
D) gamma.

Exam 12: Introduction to Bivariate Association and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level