Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding learning through operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Organisms learn the association between two stimuli. 
B) Organisms learn behaviors implicitly, without being reinforced. 
C) Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences. 
D) Organisms learn to act by imitating others.

Question 2

_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) Food 
B) Water 
C) Money 
D) Sexual satisfaction

Question 3

Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before.She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music.In the context of operant conditioning, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) positive reinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 4

Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups.These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping.Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia.You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had most likely undergone

Accepted Answer

A) discovery learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) secondary reinforcement. 
D) operant conditioning.

Question 5

_____ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning 
B) Insight learning 
C) Latent learning 
D) Instinctive drift

Question 6

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning, is called

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) latent learning.

Question 7

In operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) contingency 
B) extinction 
C) contiguity 
D) shaping

Question 8

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

Accepted Answer

A) attention 
B) motor reproduction 
C) replication 
D) reinforcement

Question 9

_____ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement.However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning 
B) Insight learning 
C) Latent learning 
D) Instinctive drift

Question 10

In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park, when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose, they are rewarded every time with fish after they successfully complete their act.The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) shaping. 
C) contiguity. 
D) extinction.

Question 11

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) a learned response. 
C) a reflex. 
D) insight learning.

Question 12

The extent to which the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) occur close together in time reflects

Accepted Answer

A) contiguity. 
B) contingency. 
C) proximity. 
D) synergy.

Question 13

_____ is a classical-conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A) Reinforced conditioning 
B) Generalizing 
C) Expectancy learning 
D) Counterconditioning

Question 14

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. 
B) It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. 
C) It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules. 
D) It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewardeD.

Question 15

Shirley repeatedly ends up receiving bad grades in algebra no matter how hard she studies.Eventually, Shirley stops studying for algebra tests and accepts that nothing she does will enable her to get good grades.In the context of operant conditioning, Shirley's behavior exemplifies

Accepted Answer

A) habituation. 
B) instinctive drift. 
C) learned helplessness. 
D) preparedness.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Martha improves her grades in English and Math so that her mom can take her shopping as she had promised earlier. 
B) Jeff wakes up a few seconds before his alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound. 
C) Rodney mows the lawn more than once a week so as to get $10 from his mother every time he mows the lawn. 
D) Barney rapidly increases the sales of his product and ensures complete sale of his stock so that he can get the full 20% bonus as promised by his employer.

Question 17

Watson and Rayner used _____ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

Accepted Answer

A) a loud noise 
B) a sealskin coat 
C) a white rat 
D) a rabbit

Question 18

In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea.In classical-conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) neutral stimulus. 
D) reinforced stimulus.

Question 19

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) _____ to condition Albert.

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned response

Question 20

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Accepted Answer

A) Generalization 
B) Discrimination 
C) Spontaneous recovery 
D) Latent learning

Exam 5: Learning