Question 1

The prison population is also highly disproportionate to the general population in terms of gender distribution. Nearly _____ of prisoners in state and federal prisons are men.

Accepted Answer

A)  55% 
B)  78% 
C)  93% 
D)  99%

Question 2

The establishment of prisons in Pennsylvania and New York was designed to be rehabilitative in nature. Rehabilitation was supposed to be achieved by _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  reading the Bible; working in groups 
B)  maintaining strict routines; spending most of the time alone and silent 
C)  encouraging family visits; interactions with other inmates 
D)  prisoners talking to each other; leading group prayers

Question 3

In the early 1800s, a move away from attributing a religious cause to criminal behavior, such as individuals being born evil, occurred. The more secular approach recognized that the cause might not only be placed on the individual, but some responsibility could be attributed to:

Accepted Answer

A)  family history. 
B)  developmental issues. 
C)  social disorganization. 
D)  environmental deterioration.

Question 4

The United States currently incarcerates _____ for a _____ any other industrialized democracy in the world.

Accepted Answer

A)  a larger percentage of individuals; longer period of time than 
B)  a larger percentage of individuals but; shorter period of time than 
C)  a smaller percentage of individuals; period approximately similar to that of 
D)  a smaller percentage of individuals; much shorter period of time than

Question 5

The U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2005 that sentencing guidelines should be _____ in nature.

Accepted Answer

A)  advisory 
B)  mandatory 
C)  required 
D)  compulsory

Question 6

James was charged with committing a robbery with a group of his peers. He had never committed any crimes and was caught up in a situation that he could not see any way out of. The attributions that would represent the above scenario include_____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  internal causes; controllability 
B)  internal causes; stability 
C)  external causes; controllability 
D)  external causes; uncontrollability

Question 7

Containing criminals to render them unable to harm others outside of the prison is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  specific deterrence. 
B)  incapacitation. 
C)  retribution. 
D)  general deterrence.

Question 8

According to the text, drug offenders constitute approximately _____ of the population in federal prisons.

Accepted Answer

A)  less than 10% 
B)  a quarter 
C)  half 
D)  three quarters

Question 9

A convicted criminal who may have some difficulty with making good decisions as a result of a mental defect may evoke _____ from judges or juries.

Accepted Answer

A)  ill will 
B)  sympathy 
C)  anger 
D)  disbelief

Question 10

In the mid-1800s, U.S. prisons were holding a large number of recent immigrants. Among them, there was a disproportionate number of _____ inmates.

Accepted Answer

A)  Italian 
B)  South American 
C)  English 
D)  Irish

Question 11

Individuals who are incarcerated in supermax prisons are likely to belong to the following categories EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  extremely violent criminals. 
B)  those who have significant behavior problems. 
C)  especially serious offenders. 
D)  those who ran Ponzi schemes.

Question 12

One way that criminals were punished in the American colonies was through _____, which included being placed into stocks.

Accepted Answer

A)  imprisonment 
B)  work release 
C)  public shaming 
D)  probation

Question 13

Sam has been in prison before and, after his release, he promised to himself that he would never do anything that can land him in prison again. This illustrates one of the goals of imprisonment called:

Accepted Answer

A)  specific deterrence. 
B)  incapacitation. 
C)  retribution. 
D)  general deterrence.

Question 14

In the case of violent crimes, men and women appear to be equally likely to be sent to prison. However, research indicates that men receive _____ sentences.

Accepted Answer

A)  substantially shorter 
B)  slightly shorter 
C)  substantially longer 
D)  slightly longer

Question 15

It was not until the _____ that prisons began to reflect the influence of medicine and social sciences.

Accepted Answer

A)  1800s 
B)  1850s 
C)  1900s 
D)  2000s

Question 16

According to the text, _____ are the single largest group of inmates in federal prisons.

Accepted Answer

A)  murderers 
B)  extortionists 
C)  corporate criminals 
D)  drug offenders

Question 17

_____ was the chief justice of the Supreme Court when civil liberties were expanded to include society's least powerful groups, including prison inmates, racial minorities, women, and children.

Accepted Answer

A)  Warren Buffet 
B)  Earl Warren 
C)  Antonin Scalia 
D)  Harlan Stone

Question 18

It has been estimated that approximately _____ of prisoners have at least one other family member who is also incarcerated.

Accepted Answer

A)  10% 
B)  20% 
C)  30% 
D)  40%

Question 19

Sentencing is not necessarily clear-cut. According to the text, criminal behaviors that can be attributed to stable, controllable causes appear to receive _____ punishment.

Accepted Answer

A)  the lightest 
B)  light 
C)  mandatory 
D)  the harshest

Question 20

Prisons generally hold criminals:

Accepted Answer

A)  for a long period of time. 
B)  for a short period of time. 
C)  until they receive a hearing. 
D)  while they await trial.

Exam 16: Section 2: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives