Question 1

Prosocial behaviors are actions that are

Accepted Answer

A)  harmful to others. 
B)  classically conditioned. 
C)  helpful to others. 
D)  overimitated.

Question 2

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning.This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  biological predispositions 
B)  latent learning 
C)  intrinsic motivation 
D)  cognitive processes

Question 3

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Accepted Answer

A)  ignore both what the model says and does. 
B)  ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says. 
C)  ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does. 
D)  talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.

Question 4

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

Accepted Answer

A)  Pokémon characters. 
B)  a Pacman video game. 
C)  wooden coins. 
D)  a Bobo doll.

Question 5

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  predictability 
B)  generalization 
C)  biological predispositions 
D)  mirror neurons

Question 6

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises.Consequently,she no longer puts much effort into her job,even though she really wants a big raise.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation 
B)  biological predispositions 
C)  latent learning 
D)  cognitive processes

Question 7

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval schedules. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 8

The process of modeling is most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 9

Copying an adult,young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to push on the knob.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  prosocial behavior. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 10

Biological constraints are ________ biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  classically conditioned 
B)  extrinsically motivated 
C)  prosocial 
D)  evolved

Question 11

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits

Accepted Answer

A)  justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. 
B)  unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. 
C)  justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. 
D)  unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.

Question 12

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motives. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  extrinsic motives. 
D)  mirror neurons.

Question 13

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neurons 
B)  latent learning 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  biological predispositions

Question 14

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions,culturally learned preferences,and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov's experiments. 
B)  Watson's behaviorism. 
C)  a biopsychosocial approach. 
D)  instinctive drift.

Question 15

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank,the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  taste aversion 
B)  latent learning 
C)  intrinsic motivation 
D)  biological predispositions

Question 16

The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 17

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

Accepted Answer

A)  Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. 
B)  Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. 
C)  Rescorla's findings about the effects of expectations on an animal's conditioned response. 
D)  Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children.

Question 18

Although Josh learned aggressive behaviors by watching a violent movie,he did not imitate those behaviors until days later when he was offered money to do so.Josh's behavior best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 19

Acquiring new responses by watching the behaviors of a teacher is called

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 20

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so.This illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  immediate reinforcement. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  prosocial behavior.

Exam 22: Operant Conditioning