Question 1

In the Little Albert study, fear of the white rat is to _____ as fear of the loud noise is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  CR (conditioned response); CS (conditioned stimulus) 
B)  UCR (unconditioned response); CR (conditioned response) 
C)  CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus) 
D)  CR (conditioned response); UCR (unconditioned response)

Question 2

Sam is trying to condition his dog to salivate to a bell. He rings the bell and immediately after, while the bell is still ringing, he places food in the dog's mouth. Sam is using _____ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  trace 
B)  delayed 
C)  backward 
D)  simultaneous

Question 3

Leslie has recently taken a job selling magazine subscriptions. She is paid $25 for every 10 subscriptions she sells. Leslie is being paid on a _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval

Question 4

Carrie is paid a commission for every 10 boxes of candy she sells, illustrating a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval

Question 5

When behavioral psychologists reinforce successive approximations to the desired response, they are using the process of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  extinction 
D)  shaping

Question 6

Negative reinforcement _____ a behavior by removing an _____ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; aversive 
B)  decreases; aversive 
C)  increases; appetitive 
D)  decreases; appetitive

Question 7

Caroline became extremely nauseous on a recent airplane trip because significant air turbulence produced a very bumpy ride. Caroline was surprised to feel nauseous when she saw a picture of an airplane in a magazine. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Caroline is likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition 
B)  discrimination 
C)  generalization 
D)  extinction

Question 8

According to classical conditioning, an increase in heart rate whenever you hear scary music would be labeled a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response 
B)  unconditioned response 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Concerning operant conditioning, punisher refers to _____ and punishment refers to a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  a person; behavior 
B)  specific stimuli; process 
C)  a person; process 
D)  specific stimuli; behavior

Question 10

A flat cumulative record indicates that _____ has taken place.

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  extinction 
C)  acquisition 
D)  generalization

Question 11

Tony is watching TV and sees a commercial in which Michael Jordan, whom he likes very much, is promoting athletic shoes. Tony decides he likes the athletic shoes after watching this commercial. In this example, Michael Jordan is the _____ and the athletic shoes are the _____

Accepted Answer

A)  CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus) 
B)  UCS (unconditioned stimulus); CS (conditioned stimulus) 
C)  UCS (unconditioned stimulus); UCR (unconditioned response) 
D)  CS (conditioned stimulus); CR (conditioned response)

Question 12

David looks forward to the weekends when he is permitted to drive his Dad's car. When David comes home several hours after his curfew, his Dad tells him that he will not be permitted to drive the car for a month. In this example, not driving the car is BEST associated with which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 13

Extinction is the disappearance of the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response (UCR) when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer precedes the unconditioned response (UCR) 
B)  conditioned response (CR) when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) 
C)  unconditioned response (UCR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer follows the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) 
D)  conditioned response (CR) when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 14

According to principles of operant conditioning, positive = _____ and negative = ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  good; bad 
B)  reinforcement; punishment 
C)  presented; removed 
D)  All the answers are correct.

Question 15

Susan's cats salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. In this case, the treats serve as the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS (unconditioned stimulus) 
B)  UCR (unconditioned response) 
C)  CS (conditioned stimulus) 
D)  CR (conditioned response)

Question 16

Partial schedules of reinforcement _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  can be fixed or variable 
B)  are more resistant to extinction than continuous schedules of reinforcement 
C)  can be based on the number of responses or time intervals 
D)  All the answers are correct.

Question 17

The drive-reduction theory of motivation suggests we are _____ into action by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  pushed; internal states 
B)  pushed; environmental events 
C)  pulled; internal states 
D)  pulled; environmental events

Question 18

Whenever Angela wants her boyfriend's attention, she starts an argument with him. He angrily responds with a negative comment about Angela's behavior. In this example, the negative comment is an example of _____ that, according to operant conditioning principles, will _____ the probability of Angela's starting another argument.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement; decrease 
B)  reinforcement; increase 
C)  punishment; decrease 
D)  punishment; increase

Question 19

In Watson's study, the white rat was the _____ and the loud noise was the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS (unconditioned stimulus); UCR (unconditioned response) 
B)  UCS (unconditioned stimulus); CS (conditioned stimulus) 
C)  CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus) 
D)  CS (conditioned stimulus); CR (conditioned response)

Question 20

Which of the following is the BEST example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  a coat when you are shivering 
B)  a gold star when you do good work 
C)  a cool drink when you are thirsty 
D)  a good meal when you are hungry

Exam 4: Section 2: Learning

In the Little Albert study, fear of the white rat is to _ as fear of the loud noise is to _.

Sam is trying to condition his dog to salivate to a bell. He rings the bell and immediately after, while the bell is still ringing, he places food in the dog's mouth. Sam is using _____ conditioning.

Leslie has recently taken a job selling magazine subscriptions. She is paid $25 for every 10 subscriptions she sells. Leslie is being paid on a _____ schedule.

Carrie is paid a commission for every 10 boxes of candy she sells, illustrating a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

When behavioral psychologists reinforce successive approximations to the desired response, they are using the process of _____.

Negative reinforcement _ a behavior by removing an _ stimulus.

According to classical conditioning, an increase in heart rate whenever you hear scary music would be labeled a(n) _____.

Concerning operant conditioning, punisher refers to _ and punishment refers to a _.

A flat cumulative record indicates that _____ has taken place.

Tony is watching TV and sees a commercial in which Michael Jordan, whom he likes very much, is promoting athletic shoes. Tony decides he likes the athletic shoes after watching this commercial. In this example, Michael Jordan is the _ and the athletic shoes are the _

David looks forward to the weekends when he is permitted to drive his Dad's car. When David comes home several hours after his curfew, his Dad tells him that he will not be permitted to drive the car for a month. In this example, not driving the car is BEST associated with which process?

Extinction is the disappearance of the _____.

According to principles of operant conditioning, positive = _ and negative = .

Susan's cats salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. In this case, the treats serve as the _____.

Partial schedules of reinforcement _____.

The drive-reduction theory of motivation suggests we are _ into action by _.

In Watson's study, the white rat was the _ and the loud noise was the _.

Which of the following is the BEST example of a secondary reinforcer?