Question 1

When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response,_______ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) negative punishment

Question 2

Which schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) variable ratio 
C) fixed interval 
D) variable interval

Question 3

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

Accepted Answer

A) the act of eating breakfast. 
B) the act of eating lunch. 
C) the counting of the number of hours since breakfast. 
D) the watching of the hands of the clock.

Question 4

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) insight learning 
C) vicarious learning 
D) operant conditioning

Question 5

The only vending machine in your dorm is notorious for delivering its merchandise only occasionally when people put money in it.This is most similar to a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio

Question 6

On a variable-ratio schedule,reinforcement is given ________ .

Accepted Answer

A) for the first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed 
B) for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed 
C) for the next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made 
D) for the next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made

Question 7

Thorndike conducted research on:

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) shaping. 
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 8

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.

Accepted Answer

A) autonomic 
B) primary 
C) secondary 
D) cognitive

Question 9

Cognitive learning involves:

Accepted Answer

A) an association between events or phenomena. 
B) an association between responses. 
C) an association between behavior and its consequences. 
D) internal representations of events in the world.

Question 10

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk.It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color.This illustrates the concept of _______.

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) discrimination 
C) avoidance training 
D) desensitization

Question 11

Though Jenny tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair,she simply could not reach.Suddenly she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair,she would be high enough to reach the puzzle.Jenny's solution is best explained by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) her previous history of conditioning 
B) her previous experiences with reaching objects that are out of reach 
C) latent learning 
D) insight

Question 12

Stimulus generalization occurs:

Accepted Answer

A) only when a response is followed by a reinforcer. 
B) only to those with a high capacity to learn. 
C) after extinction. 
D) when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS.

Question 13

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.The sight of dogs is the:

Accepted Answer

A) UCS. 
B) CS. 
C) UCR. 
D) CR.

Question 14

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart would race.Laura's increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the:

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 15

Cognitive maps are:

Accepted Answer

A) observable mental events. 
B) consistent with conditioning theories. 
C) learned without reinforcement. 
D) inconsistent with insightful problem solving.

Question 16

Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before.When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A's,Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes.Which operant process does the example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) extinction 
D) punishment

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) turning off an electric shock 
B) giving a spanking 
C) removing a noxious odor 
D) silencing a banging door

Question 18

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) insight learning 
D) observational learning

Question 19

A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However,it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) associative linkage. 
B) generalization. 
C) higher-order conditioning. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 20

Billy throws rocks.Each time he throws a rock,he is immediately spanked.Spanking is a ________.

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcer 
B) negative reinforcer 
C) secondary reinforcer 
D) punishment

Exam 4: Learning