Question 1

One means of increasing children's resistance to temptation is to

Accepted Answer

A)  tell them to focus on the undesirable consequences they can expect should they deviate and get caught 
B)  expose them to a peer model who violates a rule, so that the children know exactly what it is they are not supposed to be doing 
C)  convince them to serve as models of self-restraint for other children 
D)  all of these

Question 2

One common criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that

Accepted Answer

A)  it focuses only on the emotional aspects of morality 
B)  moral reasoning often fails to predict moral behavior 
C)  it assumes that females reason at a higher moral level than males do 
D)  it is based on findings from U.S. samples that have not been replicated in other cultures

Question 3

Toddlers who are less inclined to feel compassion for a distressed companion and more inclined to experience personal distress are those who _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  have behaviorally inhibited, or fearful temperaments 
B)  have behaviorally uninhibited, fearless temperaments 
C)  are securely attached and are unconcerned about alienating parents with their own distress 
D)  are boys rather than girls

Question 4

Induction may be effective at promoting children's moral development because

Accepted Answer

A)  children fear the inductive disciplinarian and are motivated to comply with rules to avoid punishment 
B)  the inductive approach leads children to believe that their inappropriate conduct will result in a loss of parental approval 
C)  inductive techniques illustrate and may help the child to integrate several aspects of morality 
D)  all of these

Question 5

Although Sam believes that cheating is unethical, he cheats on an important test and eases his conscience by saying that without fudging a bit, he would likely not make the B he needs to maintain his scholarship. Bandura would explain this inconsistency between moral reasoning (cheating is wrong) and moral behavior (Sam's cheating) as a clear example of

Accepted Answer

A)  moral disengagement 
B)  moral realism 
C)  moral relativism 
D)  conflicting moral norms

Question 6

Empathic arousal is likely to promote prosocial behavior if that arousal is

Accepted Answer

A)  self-oriented distress 
B)  sympathetic empathic arousal 
C)  both of these 
D)  none of these

Question 7

Zahn-Waxler and associates found that mothers of especially compassionate toddlers were likely to respond to their child's harmdoing with a statement such as

Accepted Answer

A)  "OK mister, I'm going to blister your butt for pinching Susie!" 
B)  "You made Susie cry! You hurt her by pinching her!" 
C)  "Stop that now!" 
D)  "OK, an eye for an eye! Come over here Susie, and pinch him back!"

Question 8

Cross-cultural studies imply that prosocial conduct is most common in cultures in which _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  children live in large families and routinely contribute to family welfare 
B)  children live in small families with a primary breadwinner and stay at home mothers 
C)  children live in large families and routinely look after themselves 
D)  children live in industrialized societies with their emphasis on the norm of social responsibility

Question 9

According to Kohlberg, _____ is necessary for children to move beyond
preconventional morality.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive development 
B)  exposure to more advanced moral reasoning 
C)  formal education 
D)  cognitive development and exposure to more advanced moral reasoning 
E)  all of these

Question 10

Which statement reflects Kohlberg's conventional morality?

Accepted Answer

A)  "If it feels good, do it" 
B)  "Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" 
C)  "Break the law to serve human needs" 
D)  "Buckle up-It's the law!"

Question 11

According to the "felt responsibility" interpretation of the empathy-altruism relationship, older children may be more inclined than younger ones to feel a personal obligation to assist a person in need because

Accepted Answer

A)  they experience more self-oriented empathic distress in response to others' needs 
B)  they have learned more altruistic principles and have more to think about when experiencing empathic distress 
C)  both of these 
D)  none of these

Question 12

Julio and Paul don't seem to care who wins when they plan Monopoly. In fact, it often seems as if they are playing according to different rules; but they consistently enjoy themselves and have few squabbles while playing. These two boys seem to be at Piaget's _____ of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A)  premoral level 
B)  heteronomous stage 
C)  autonomous stage 
D)  social-conventional stage

Question 13

_____ is thought to underlie a mature sense of morality by all moral development theorists.

Accepted Answer

A)  Fear of punishment for wrongdoing 
B)  Internalization of moral principles 
C)  Obedience for tangible rewards 
D)  Obedience to please others

Question 14

According to Freud, the superego is formed as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  an emotional conflict centering around the child's love for the other-sex parent 
B)  the child's newly acquired ability to think about hypotheticals 
C)  a fear of losing the affection of the same-sex parent 
D)  parents' reinforcement of the child's morally acceptable acts

Question 15

Nicole believes that sex with her boyfriend is wrong because she might have to drop out of school and lose her scholarship if she got pregnant. Her friend Stefanie agrees on the decision to forgo sex, but tells Nicole that "You are missing the point; sex between unmarrieds is not something a nice girls would do. It is more important to view the act through the eyes of others than to simply worry about your own interests." According to research on peer influences on moral development, we might expect

Accepted Answer

A)  Nicole to change her mind and to decide to have sex with her boyfriend. 
B)  Nicole to come closer to adopting Stefanie's point of view. 
C)  Stefanie to move in the direction of Nicole's point of view. 
D)  none of these

Question 16

Gilligan's theory of sex differences in moral reasoning holds that

Accepted Answer

A)  gender differences on Kohlberg's dilemmas test are an artifact of the scoring procedure 
B)  adult females reason at a higher level (typically stage 4 or 5) than adult males do (typically stage 3 or 4) 
C)  females are trained to be sensitive to rules whereas males are trained to be sensitive to human rights 
D)  all of these

Question 17

Research on the consistency of moral conduct across situations indicates that moral conduct

Accepted Answer

A)  is highly specific to the situation with little consistency across situations 
B)  is reasonably consistent across similar contexts 
C)  is reasonably consistent across both similar and dissimilar contexts 
D)  becomes less and less consistent across situations and contexts with age

Question 18

Behaving in accordance with rules, even when authority figures are not around to detect transgressions or enforce these edicts, provides some evidence of

Accepted Answer

A)  repression 
B)  conformity 
C)  internalization 
D)  identification

Question 19

If one states that it is okay for a penniless man to steal, then he/she

Accepted Answer

A)  is at Kohlberg's stage 2--naive hedonism 
B)  is at Kohlberg's stage 3--good boy, good girl morality 
C)  is at Kohlberg's postconventional level 
D)  could be at any of Kohlberg's levels or stages of moral reasoning

Question 20

The cognitive-developmental perspective on morality assumes all of the following except _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  moral reasoning progresses through an invariant sequence of stages 
B)  moral development depends very heavily on cognitive development 
C)  each moral stage evolves from and replaces the stage before it 
D)  bright children can be trained to skip one or more stages of moral reasoning

Exam 10: Altruism and Moral Development