Question 1

The dilemmas posed by Kohlberg's moral decision stories involve a choice between

Accepted Answer

A)  money and praise 
B)  the ethical and the moral 
C)  obeying rules and serving human needs 
D)  helping oneself and serving human needs 
E)  obeying rules and serving authority

Question 2

Models who resist temptation are more likely to convince observers to resist the same temptation if they

Accepted Answer

A)  distract the child from the undesirable act 
B)  state a rationale for their conduct that matches the child's level of moral thinking 
C)  state a rationale for their conduct that describes the objective harm that one might do by transgressing 
D)  make their good conduct obvious to the child and do not confuse him or her by stating a rationale

Question 3

The relationship between moral reasoning and actual moral conduct has been found to be

Accepted Answer

A)  significant but far from perfect 
B)  stronger for adolescents and adults than for young children 
C)  stronger for young children than for adolescents and adults 
D)  significant but far from perfect and stronger for adolescents and adults than for young children 
E)  significant but far from perfect and stronger for young children than for adolescents and adults

Question 4

Research on children's consideration of the intentions of harmdoers has

Accepted Answer

A)  confirmed Piaget's finding that younger children assign less weight to intentions than older children 
B)  shown that even preschoolers can consider the intentions of the harmdoer when making moral judgments 
C)  both of these 
D)  none of these

Question 5

After reading Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Wanda says, "I think the law is wrong because no law should be more important than saving a life. Heinz should steal the drug and hope that, if caught, a jury will understand the circumstances and justly acquit him." Wanda is reasoning at Kohlberg's _____ level.

Accepted Answer

A)  preconventional 
B)  conventional 
C)  postconventional 
D)  postmoral

Question 6

Describe two lines of evidence to support the proposition that "Parents are more likely to promote a prosocial orientation in their children if they encourage prosocial acts and practice what they preach."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe two lines of evidence to support...

Question 7

A person who defines altruism as "Any act that provides comfort or assistance to other living organisms" clearly favors the _____ definition of altruism.

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral 
B)  motivational 
C)  intentional 
D)  ideological

Question 8

The idea that one should help others who need help is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the Good Samaritan norm 
B)  the norm of social responsibility 
C)  the norm of reciprocity 
D)  the categorical imperative

Question 9

Modern conscience theorists stress that firm but rational evaluation of a toddler's behavior specifying clearly why that behavior is wrong will promote _____ and lead to ____, a precursor of an internalized conscience.

Accepted Answer

A)  anxiety about repeating the forbidden act; committed compliance 
B)  mutual understandings of right and wrong; committed compliance 
C)  anxiety about repeating the forbidden act; situational compliance 
D)  mutual understandings of right and wrong; situational compliance

Question 10

According to Rosenhan (1970), fully committed civil rights activists differed from partially committed civil rights activists in that they

Accepted Answer

A)  had enjoyed warmer relations with their parents 
B)  had parents who had preached altruism and had practiced what they preached 
C)  had stronger attitudes about racial equality and civil rights 
D)  had enjoyed warmer relations with their parents and had parents who had preached altruism and had practiced what they preached 
E)  had parents who had preached altruism and had practiced what they preached and had stronger attitudes about racial equality and civil rights

Question 11

According to Piaget, a child who says that the naughtiness of an act depends on the actor's intentions is at the _____ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

A)  premoral 
B)  heteronomous 
C)  autonomous 
D)  realistic

Question 12

Working with 5- and with 8-year-olds, Grusec and Redler found that labeling children as "nice" or "helpful" was likely to promote future prosocial acts among _____ because these children _____ .

Accepted Answer

A)  5-year-olds; interpreted the label as a reinforcer for prosocial conduct 
B)  8-year-olds; will try to incorporate trait-like information into their self-concepts 
C)  both of the above 
D)  none of these; labeling was ineffective at promoting altruism for both age groups

Question 13

Twin studies of individual differences in empathy and prosocial behavior imply all the following except ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  some of us inherit more "altruistic" genes than others 
B)  genetic contributions to empathy/prosocial conduct are most closely linked to individual differences in temperament 
C)  such shared environmental influences as parenting are most important early in life 
D)  nonshared environmental influences become more important influences with age

Question 14

Proponents of psychoanalytic theory believe that altruistic norms and values are

Accepted Answer

A)  inborn 
B)  acquired as the child internalizes parental norms and values 
C)  acquired as the ego matures and the child becomes more proficient at role-taking 
D)  interpretable as disguised versions of id-based, hedonistic impulses

Question 15

Spontaneous sharing or help-giving is commonly observed among younger preschool children (i.e., 2 ½- 3 ½-year-olds) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  under no circumstances 
B)  during pretend play 
C)  during interactions with peer companions 
D)  during the month before Santa comes

Question 16

A social experience that seems to foster the growth of moral reasoning is

Accepted Answer

A)  intensive discussions of moral issues with peers 
B)  receiving a college education 
C)  living in a diverse, democratic society 
D)  all of these

Question 17

Jane justifies sharing her lunch with a classmate by saying, "Well, she forgot her lunch and doesn't have anything to eat. I don't have to share and wouldn't feel bad not sharing because she should have remembered to bring her lunch. So it's her fault, but she has to eat." Jane would be classified at the _____ level of prosocial moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A)  hedonistic 
B)  needs-oriented 
C)  approval-oriented 
D)  empathic

Question 18

Parents are most effective at inducing children to change their moral reasoning when they _____; peers are most effective at inducing changes in moral reasoning by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  directly challenge the child's viewpoint; introducing new reasoning in a warm, supportive way 
B)  introduce new reasoning in a warm, supportive way; directly challenging an associate's viewpoint 
C)  directly challenge the child's viewpoint; directly challenging an associate's viewpoint 
D)  introduce new reasoning in a warm and supportive way; introducing new reasoning in a warm and supportive way

Question 19

Donald Campbell's (1965) biological viewpoint is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the self-serving side of human nature is much stronger than our prosocial inclinations 
B)  altruism is a biologically programmed prosocial motive that has evolved because of its survival value 
C)  both of these 
D)  none of these

Question 20

Smetana studied the ability of children to distinguish between moral rules and social-conventional rules. She found, _____ with Piaget's theorizing, that _____ made such a distinction.

Accepted Answer

A)  consistent; only late grade-school children 
B)  consistent; even young preschool children 
C)  inconsistent; only late grade-school children 
D)  inconsistent; even young preschool children

Exam 10: Altruism and Moral Development