Question 1

In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:

Accepted Answer

A)  affected by changes in the dependent variable. 
B)  unknown. 
C)  beyond the researcher's control, as it independently varies or changes over time. 
D)  deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

Question 2

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigated the diversity of human behavior in different countries and have discovered that some well-established psychological findings are not as universal as psychologists once thought.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive psychology 
B)  cross-cultural 
C)  evolutionary 
D)  cognitive

Question 3

A natural experiment is a study that:

Accepted Answer

A)  investigates the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants. 
B)  involves the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting. 
C)  uses a questionnaire or interview to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group. 
D)  involves the intensive, in-depth investigation of a single individual or small group of individuals.

Question 4

Harvard University awarded Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D., but only after William James intervened on her behalf.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, the:

Accepted Answer

A)  participants were assigned to either the ginkgo biloba group or the placebo condition. 
B)  participants were randomly assigned on an individual basis to either the high exercise group or the low exercise group. 
C)  hotels were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control condition, thus ensuring that all participants at a given hotel were in the same group. 
D)  participants were assigned to either the "poor" health condition or the "excellent" health condition depending on their present perception of their health status.

Question 6

Williams James's book titled Principles of Psychology provided the basis for the development of a new school of psychology called behaviorism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Biological psychologists study the relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?

Accepted Answer

A)  functionalism 
B)  humanistic psychology 
C)  behaviorism 
D)  structuralism

Question 9

To identify which brain areas are most active when a person suffering from schizophrenia has hallucinations, researchers could use a(n) _____ scan to track the use of radioactively tagged glucose throughout the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)  MRI 
B)  PET 
C)  fMRI 
D)  ECT

Question 10

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

Accepted Answer

A)  American psychologist B. F. Skinner. 
B)  American psychologist Carl Rogers. 
C)  German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. 
D)  Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

Question 11

Dr. Rice studies the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders, such as anxiety, major depressive disorder, and eating disorders. She is most likely a clinical psychologist.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A positive correlation reflects a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, while a negative correlation indicates the absence of a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Because his ideas were so controversial in this country, Sigmund Freud was refused a visa to visit the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: "Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smokes." This statement is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a theory. 
B)  an operational definition. 
C)  a hypothesis. 
D)  experimenter bias.

Question 15

The basic goal of naturalistic observation is to do an in-depth study of a single individual's behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

When would a placebo control group be used in an experiment, and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When would a placebo control group be...

Question 17

Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  William James 
B)  Sigmund Freud 
C)  B. F. Skinner 
D)  Abraham Maslow

Question 18

An operational definition is a precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

A pseudoscience is a:

Accepted Answer

A)  specific branch of science focused on a single issue and based on compelling empirical evidence. 
B)  group of different sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, that focus on the same general issue. 
C)  fake or false science that is based on little or no scientific evidence. 
D)  form of science that emphasizes findings that have practical value (applied science) rather than new knowledge just for the sake of new knowledge (pure science).

Question 20

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the "scientific study of behavior and mental processes." 
B)  In contemporary psychology, the nature-nurture issue explores the influence of heredity versus the influence of environmental factors on behavior. 
C)  The mind-body issue has now been settled and psychologists no longer explore the relationship between mental activity and the brain. 
D)  The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago.

Exam 1: Introduction and Research Methods

In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigated the diversity of human behavior in different countries and have discovered that some well-established psychological findings are not as universal as psychologists once thought.

A natural experiment is a study that:

Harvard University awarded Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D., but only after William James intervened on her behalf.

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, the:

Williams James's book titled Principles of Psychology provided the basis for the development of a new school of psychology called behaviorism.

Biological psychologists study the relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics.

Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?

To identify which brain areas are most active when a person suffering from schizophrenia has hallucinations, researchers could use a(n) _____ scan to track the use of radioactively tagged glucose throughout the brain.

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

Dr. Rice studies the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders, such as anxiety, major depressive disorder, and eating disorders. She is most likely a clinical psychologist.

A positive correlation reflects a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, while a negative correlation indicates the absence of a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables.

Because his ideas were so controversial in this country, Sigmund Freud was refused a visa to visit the United States.

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: "Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smokes." This statement is an example of:

The basic goal of naturalistic observation is to do an in-depth study of a single individual's behavior.

When would a placebo control group be used in an experiment, and why?

Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?

An operational definition is a precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured.

A pseudoscience is a:

Which of the following statements is TRUE?