Question 1

Dr.G is conducting a study to see whether people can be made to think in terms of East Asian and Western thoughts.Using college students in two cultures as participants,and using a very insensitive cultural prime for each participant,Dr.G measured how much they believe in Chinese medicine.A sample of the dataset is given below.  This study employs a ________________,has ________________,and the prime is classified as a(n)____________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  between-groups manipulation;low generalizability;independent variable
B)  between-groups manipulation;low power;independent variable
C)  between-groups manipulation;low generalizability;dependent variable
D)  within-groups manipulation;low power;independent variable
E)  within-groups manipulation;low generalizability;independent variable A

Question 2

You want to do a study to examine whether Greek participants view their parenting experiences as being different from those of Chinese participants,and vice versa.What is the most appropriate methodology for testing this?

Accepted Answer

A)  cultural priming
B)  culture-level measure
C)  within-groups manipulation
D)  between-groups manipulation
E)  situation sampling E

Question 3

The idea that a theory should have as few assumptions as possible is most accurately called

Accepted Answer

A)  the principle of simplicity.
B)  a basic law.
C)  naturalistic fallacy.
D)  Occam's Razor
E)  falsifiability D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?

Accepted Answer

A)  song lyrics
B)  a journal entry
C)  television programs
D)  school books
E)  magazine advertisements

Question 5

One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental methods are cheaper and easier to conduct than survey methods.
B)  experimental methods allow you to investigate more cultures at one time than survey methods.
C)  cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with survey methods.
D)  experimental methods allow you to focus on comparing means across cultures,whereas survey methods allow you to focus on comparing patterns of means across cultures.
E)  experimental methods are more easily understood than survey methods.

Question 6

If an independent variable has more variance,is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  more difficult,but only if the dependent variable also has lots of variance
B)  easier,but only if the dependent variable has much less variance
C)  more difficult
D)  easier
E)  The answer cannot be determined.

Question 7

What is a problem with using the "back-translation" method?

Accepted Answer

A)  You may inadvertently prime your participants to think in ways that are similar to English speakers.
B)  The literal meaning of the words is sometimes lost.
C)  The researcher has no way of identifying whether the translators faithfully captured the meaning.
D)  The translation may sound very unnatural,and may contain idioms that are unintelligible.
E)  Your participants might not have good enough language skills to understand the materials.

Question 8

You want to study how large people's faces are in Cultures X and Y.To do this,you simply ask people,"On a scale of 1 (small)to 10 (large),how large is your face?" To your surprise,most people in Culture X think they have small faces,even though their faces are much larger than those in Culture Y.Conversely,most people in Culture Y think they have large faces.How can you address this problem of trying to assess cultural differences in how large people's faces are?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use a scale with an odd number of response options.
B)  Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.
C)  Reverse-score the item.
D)  Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
E)  Use bilingual samples.

Question 9

After examining surveys you collected from Culture X,you find that people's responses tend to gather toward the center of your scale.What is this phenomenon known as?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquiescence bias
B)  social desirability bias
C)  moderacy bias
D)  centripetal bias
E)  central bias

Question 10

After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A,you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions,regardless of the content.How do you deal with this problem in the future so this doesn't recur?

Accepted Answer

A)  establish methodological equivalence
B)  reverse-code half of the items
C)  thoroughly back-translate the items
D)  provide a middle "neutral" option
E)  make sure a middle "neutral" option is not provided

Question 11

After examining surveys you handed out in a given culture,you find that many people in the culture tend to agree with both the positively worded item "I strongly support the prime minister's policies," and the negatively worded item "I disagree with the prime minister's policies." What is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  deprivation effects
B)  acquiescence biases
C)  moderacy biases
D)  agreement biases
E)  reference-group effects

Question 12

The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the reference-group effect.
B)  social desirability norms.
C)  acquiescence biases.
D)  unsynchronized sample selections.
E)  the deprivation effect.

Question 13

While helping your colleague analyze data,you realize that she has turned the participants' responses into z-scores.Based on the response biases in the textbook,which one is she most likely to be trying to account for?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquiescence bias
B)  deprivation effect
C)  moderacy bias
D)  reference-group effect
E)  ingroup bias

Question 14

If you wanted to test the universality of a psychological phenomenon,which of the following should you do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Test hunter-gatherer societies.
B)  Test two very different societies.
C)  Test English-speaking samples.
D)  Avoid WEIRD samples.
E)  Test two very similar societies.

Question 15

Dr.G is conducting a study to see whether people can be made to think in terms of East Asian and Western thoughts.Using very insensitive cultural primes for each participant,Dr.G measured how much they believe in Chinese medicine.A sample of the dataset is given below.  This study employs a ________________,has ________________,and "belief in Chinese medicine" is classified as a(n)____________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  between-groups manipulation;high power;independent variable
B)  between-groups manipulation;low generalizability;dependent variable
C)  within-groups manipulation;low power;dependent variable
D)  within-groups manipulation;high generalizability;independent variable
E)  between-groups manipulation;low generalizability;culture-level measure

Question 16

Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers cannot use effective independent variables.
B)  They are very difficult to unpackage.
C)  It is difficult to find powerful dependent variables.
D)  They have very low generalizability.
E)  They make it especially impractical to use multiple methods.

Question 17

Your study doesn't have enough power.To maximally increase power in your study,which of the following should you do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Get a more sensitive independent variable and keep the dependent variable the same.
B)  Get a less sensitive independent variable but a more sensitive dependent variable.
C)  Keep things the way they are-you can't increase power.
D)  Get a more sensitive independent variable but a less sensitive dependent variable.
E)  Get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable.

Question 18

Reference-group effects in cross-cultural research occur because

Accepted Answer

A)  people use social comparison to evaluate themselves.
B)  people don't really know how they feel.
C)  people from different cultures have different response styles.
D)  people value what they are most in need of.
E)  some words do not translate well into other languages.

Question 19

A group of researchers want to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X.What is this type of method an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  within-groups manipulation
B)  between-groups manipulation
C)  culture-level measure
D)  situation sampling
E)  cultural priming

Question 20

If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians,which of the following would be the MOST relevant and appropriate methodology?

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment
B)  standardization
C)  between-groups manipulation
D)  acculturation
E)  cultural priming

Exam 4: Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology