Field and Lawson (2003) Reported the Effects of Giving Children $\quad$

Multiple Choice

Field and Lawson (2003) reported the effects of giving children aged 7-9 years positive, negative or no information about novel animals (Australian marsupials) . This variable was called 'Infotype'. The gender of the child was also examined. The outcome was the time taken for the children to put their hand in a box in which they believed either the positive, negative, or no information animal was housed (positive values = longer than average approach times, negative values = shorter than average approach times) . Some simple contrasts were performed on the data. Based on the SPSS output given, which of the following statements is true? (Levels of Infotype were entered in the following order: negative information, positive information, no information) .
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE 1
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline\text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } &{\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & 9.177 & 2 & 4.588 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & 9.177 & 1.940 & 4.730 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & 9.177 & 2.000 & 4.588 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Lower-bound } & 9.177 & 1.000 & 9.177 & 7.283 & .010 \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE * GENDER } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & .599 & 2 & .299 & .475 & .623 \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & .599 & 1.940 & .309 & .475 & .618 \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & .599 & 2.000 & .299 & .475 & .623 \\& \text { Lower-bound } & .599 & 1.000 & 599 & 475 & 495 \\\hline \text { Error(INFOTYPE) } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & 51.664 & 82 & .630 & & \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & 51.664 & 79.544 & 650 & & \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & 51.664 & 82.000 & 630 & & \\& \text { Lower-bound } & 51.664 & 41.000 & 1.260 & & \\\hline\end{array}$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline \text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} &{\text { dif }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} &{\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { Intercept } & 2.034 \mathrm{E}-02 & 1 & 2.034 \mathrm{E}-02 & .049 & .826 \\\text { GENDER } & 1.822 \mathrm{E}-03 & 1 & 1.822 \mathrm{E}-03 & .004 & .948 \\\text { Error } & 17.109 & 41 & 417 & & \\\hline\end{array}$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts
Measure: MEASURE 1
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline \text { Source } & \text { INFOTYPE } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type II Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & \text { df } & \text { Mean Square } &{\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 11.090 & 1 & 11.090 & 8.762 & .005 \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 447 & 1 & 447 & 420 & .521 \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE * GENDER } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 1.177 & 1 & 1.177 & 930 & 341 \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 174 & 1 & 174 & .163 & .688 \\\hline \text { Error(INFOTYPE) } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 51.896 & 41 & 1.266 & & \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 43.689 & 41 & 1.066 & & \\\hline\end{array}$

A) Approach times for the box containing the positive animal were significantly shorter to the box containing the control (no information) animal.
B) The profile of results were different for boys and girls.
C) Approach times for the box containing the negative animal were significantly longer than for the box containing the control (no information) animal.
D) Approach times for the box containing the negative animal were not significantly different from those for the box containing the positive information animal.