Question 1

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  putting on a coat on a cold day 
B)  relief from pain after the dentist stops drilling your teeth 
C)  receiving a cool drink after washing your mother's car on a hot day 
D)  receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done

Question 2

A Skinner box is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. 
B)  "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. 
C)  chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. 
D)  television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.

Question 3

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  punishment.

Question 4

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcement. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 5

Copying an adult, young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to pull on the knob. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  partial reinforcement. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 6

Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  theory of mind.

Question 7

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  operant behavior.

Question 8

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  John B. Watson 
C)  Albert Bandura 
D)  Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Which of the following has helped prevent coyotes and wolves from attacking sheep?

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  conditioned taste aversion 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 10

Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has been provided by

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson and Rayner's study of fear conditioning in Little Albert. 
B)  Bandura's study of observational learning and aggression in children. 
C)  Pavlov's study of salivary conditioning in dogs. 
D)  Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion in rats.

Question 11

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ________ and are believed by some scientists to be the neural basis for ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  frontal lobe; observational learning 
B)  frontal lobe; classical conditioning 
C)  temporal lobe; operant conditioning 
D)  temporal lobe; observational learning

Question 12

In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neurons. 
B)  events that it does not control. 
C)  primary and secondary reinforcers. 
D)  its own behavior and resulting outcomes.

Question 13

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

Accepted Answer

A)  shortly after the CR. 
B)  shortly after the US. 
C)  shortly before the US. 
D)  at the same time as the US.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  presenting a positive stimulus after a response 
B)  removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response 
C)  being told that you have done a good job 
D)  All of these are examples.

Question 15

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 16

The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 17

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

Accepted Answer

A)  in classical conditioning the responses operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli. 
B)  in operant conditioning the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli. 
C)  in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli. 
D)  in operant conditioning the responses are reflexive.

Question 18

For Vina, cigarettes reduce feelings of tension and anxiety. Because of her heavy smoking, however, she has a bad morning cough and breathing difficulties. How can the principles of operant conditioning help to explain the development and continuation of Vina's self-defeating smoking habit? Explain the extent to which the reinforcement for Vina's habit is positive or negative, primary or conditioned, immediate or delayed, partial or continuous.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For Vina, cigarettes reduce feelings of tension...

Question 19

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  negative punishment. 
D)  positive punishment.

Question 20

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; decreases 
B)  decreases; increases 
C)  decreases; decreases 
D)  has no effect on; has no effect on

Exam 7: Learning