Question 1

Chris is helpful and cooperative and takes care of his family and friends. Aaron is selfish and arrogant and puts his needs before his family and friends. Whose traits would likely be selected for future generations in order to meet the evolutionary goals of humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chris's traits 
B)  Aaron's traits 
C)  Chris's and Aaron's traits 
D)  Aaron's traits, but only for half the population

Question 2

The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the boss's praise 
B)  the employee's good work 
C)  the boss 
D)  an hourly wage

Question 3

Eli's parents caught him sneaking out of the house late at night. When discussing the incident, they acknowledge that his behavior was wrong but that they still love and cherish him as a son. Rogers would say that the parents are offering their son _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  unconditional positive regard 
C)  self-actualization opportunities 
D)  conditioning

Question 4

The term "norm" communicates _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  a common behavior that results from biological or social pressure 
B)  what is right versus what is wrong behavior among people 
C)  that some behaviors are better than others 
D)  that differences in behavior from the norm suggest deficits in behavior

Question 5

Within Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the role of the more skilled member of society is to _____ in order to help the novice learn.

Accepted Answer

A)  model the work 
B)  take charge of the situation 
C)  urge a new competence 
D)  critique behaviors

Question 6

For centuries, men have needed women to be sexually faithful to ensure that her children are also his offspring. Which theory is most consistent with this explanation for faithfulness among romantic partners?

Accepted Answer

A)  humanism 
B)  evolutionary theory 
C)  behaviorism 
D)  sociocultural theory

Question 7

Behaviorism has also been referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning theory 
B)  learning theory 
C)  modeling theory 
D)  operant theory

Question 8

Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  observable behaviors 
B)  inner drives and motives 
C)  a person's ideas and beliefs 
D)  a person's sexual conflict

Question 9

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who lock their windows and doors at night are focused on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  physiological needs 
B)  safety needs 
C)  love and belonging needs 
D)  esteem needs

Question 10

Maslow's hierarchy includes _____ levels of needs.

Accepted Answer

A)  3 
B)  4 
C)  5 
D)  6

Question 11

Sally has a dog at home so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and sees an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, a tail, and is barking. Sally knows that these are characteristics of a dog given her knowledge of dogs. She quickly concludes that this animal is a dog. This example illustrated the Piagetian concept of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  operations 
B)  assimilation 
C)  equilibrium 
D)  accommodation

Question 12

A balloon popped and made Bobby cry. It happened again when he was at a friend's birthday party. Now when Bobby sees a balloon he starts to cry. Bobby cries in response to the balloon because of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  observational learning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  modeling

Question 13

The theories that have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on development are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic 
B)  cognitive 
C)  sociocultural 
D)  universal

Question 14

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who feel good about themselves after they have received a good score on an exam are focused on a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  physiological need 
B)  safety need 
C)  love and belonging need 
D)  esteem need

Question 15

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic theory 
B)  cognitive theory 
C)  behaviorism 
D)  information-processing theory

Question 16

The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. _____ theory, for example, draws on theology, political science, and history.

Accepted Answer

A)  Evolutionary 
B)  Humanistic 
C)  Cognitive 
D)  Behaviorism

Question 17

With regard to cognitive development, Piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  what children know; how they think 
B)  how children think; what they know 
C)  the cultural context; what children know 
D)  what children know; their cultural context

Question 18

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the more difficult cognitive adaptation is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  assimilation 
B)  accommodation 
C)  assimilation during childhood and accommodation during adulthood 
D)  accommodation during childhood and assimilation during adulthood

Question 19

_____ is when genes for traits that aid survival and reproduction are selected over time to allow the species to thrive.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement 
B)  Conditioning 
C)  Selective adaptation 
D)  Cognitive equilibrium

Question 20

Observational learning is also called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  modeling 
D)  cognition

Exam 2: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Theories of Development