Question 1

The theories that have brought an understanding of intellectual processes and how our thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic 
B)  cognitive 
C)  sociocultural 
D)  universal

Question 2

According to Piaget, intellectual advancement occurs because of cognitive _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  learning 
B)  resolution 
C)  equilibrium 
D)  modeling

Question 3

Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Freud 
B)  Piaget 
C)  Skinner 
D)  Erikson

Question 4

Though many of the theorists who followed Freud's psychoanalytic theory modified and expanded his ideas, they agreed on the importance of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  early childhood experiences and psychosexual conflicts 
B)  psychosexual conflicts and the unconscious 
C)  early childhood experiences and the unconscious 
D)  psychosexual conflicts and stages of psychosexual development

Question 5

Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  throughout life because early years provide the foundation of adult behavior 
B)  throughout life only if some of the conflicts are successfully resolved 
C)  only in childhood, with new conflicts emerging later that shape adult identity 
D)  at a particular stage of development

Question 6

The process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  conditioning 
C)  selective adaptation 
D)  cognitive equilibrium

Question 7

Operant conditioning is also referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  instrumental conditioning 
C)  observational conditioning 
D)  reinforcement conditioning

Question 8

The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory, is referred to as the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A)  eclectic 
B)  multidisciplinary 
C)  self-selected 
D)  multicontextual

Question 9

_____ has/have shown the effect that immediate response, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time.

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychoanalytic theories 
B)  Cognitive theories 
C)  Sociocultural theories 
D)  Behaviorism

Question 10

A theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background, is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  humanism 
B)  evolutionary theory 
C)  behaviorism 
D)  sociocultural theory

Question 11

The theories that stress that human differences are less significant than shared characteristics are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic 
B)  cognitive 
C)  sociocultural 
D)  universal

Question 12

When people go swimming they usually wear swimsuits. Wearing swimsuits rather than some other item of clothing when swimming is a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  mean 
B)  norm 
C)  hypothesis 
D)  median

Question 13

An explanation of facts and observations defined by a set of concepts and ideas that organize phenomena is a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothesis 
B)  theory 
C)  conclusion 
D)  development

Question 14

Tammy grew up watching her parents fight. Now that Tammy is an adult she does not want to fight all the time with her romantic partners. Which of the following best explains how Tammy learned that she did not want a relationship filled with conflict?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  social learning theory 
D)  cognitive theory

Question 15

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society.

Accepted Answer

A)  zone of proximal development 
B)  guided participation 
C)  apprenticeship in thinking 
D)  selective adaptation

Question 16

The teacher praised the students for their good work on the spelling test. The teacher hopes that the praise will encourage the students to study hard for the next spelling test. In this example, praise is operating as a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  conditioner 
D)  norm

Question 17

_____ theories hold that all people share impulses and motivations.

Accepted Answer

A)  Sociocultural 
B)  Universal 
C)  Psychoanalytic 
D)  Cognitive

Question 18

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point it was suggested that parents toilet train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is most consistent with _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic theory 
B)  cognitive theory 
C)  behaviorism 
D)  information-processing theory

Question 19

A person observes the actions of others and copies them. Social learning theorists would call this an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  modeling 
D)  cognition

Question 20

A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothesis 
B)  developmental theory 
C)  conclusion 
D)  stage

Exam 2: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Theories of Development