Question 1

Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  is the same thing as punishment. 
B)  leads to an increase in the probability of a behaviour. 
C)  decreases the likelihood that a behaviour will be performed. 
D)  involves removing a pleasant stimulus.

Question 2

One approach to treating phobias is the presentation of a series of extinction trials in a process known as ___.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One approach to treating phobias is the...

Question 3

Which of the following 'specific learning disorders' both involve language abilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  dyslexia and dyscalculia 
B)  dyscalculia and dysgraphia 
C)  dysgraphia and dyslexia 
D)  dyslexia and dyslinguia

Question 4

Positive reinforcement is associated with the provision of a ___ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Positive reinforcement is associated with the provision...

Question 5

Dr.O'Leary is testing whether a baby can detect the difference between a 680 nm light (dark orange)and a 650 nm light (yellow-orange).First,he presents the 680 nm light repeatedly for 5 seconds each time,until the baby stops looking at the light.Then,he changes the light to 650 nm and watches for the baby's response.What is this procedure called?

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitization 
B)  dishabituation 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  associative learning

Question 6

What two reasons were given for why massed studying is NOT a very effective studying technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Massed studying doesn't allow consolidation and it takes longer than spaced studying. 
B)  The brain can't process too much information at once and it uses more energy than spaced studying. 
C)  It doesn't allow enough time between learning trials to maximize learning and it leads to sleep deprivation compared to spaced studying. 
D)  It forces the learned material to become associated with a specific context and the learning doesn't last as long as spaced studying.

Question 7

How can the principles of partial reinforcement be used to manage the behaviours of children?

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  behaviour modification 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  learned helplessness

Question 8

In which of the following studies can we tell that the infant is discriminating between stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A)  The infant relaxes when hearing a specific song because that song was previously paired with relaxation. 
B)  The infant sucks longer and harder to hear their mother read a story that they were exposed to prenatally than another story. 
C)  An infant doesn't avoid the odour of garlic after prenatal exposure to garlic through the mother's digestion. 
D)  The infant copies the facial expression of an adult who is in their visual field.

Question 9

The PACFOLD data shows that approximately ___ percent of Canadian children between 6 and 15 years have a specific learning disorder.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.002 
B)  1.5 
C)  5 
D)  8

Question 10

Kendra is wearing a new sweater.When she first puts it on she is very aware of how soft the wool feels against her skin.A short time later,however,she doesn't even notice the feel of the sweater.This is an example of ___.

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation 
B)  dishabituation 
C)  sensitization 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 11

A brain structure especially important in spatial learning is the ___.

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleus accumbens 
B)  prefrontal cortex 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  hippocampus

Question 12

What is measured in classical conditioning to signify that learning has taken place?

Accepted Answer

A)  the US 
B)  the CS 
C)  the UR 
D)  the CR

Question 13

When a stimulus that is similar to the original CS triggers the same CR,this is called

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  stimulus discrimination. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  systematic desensitization.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of Thorndike's law of effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  A chicken keeps pecking at a bar even though it is repeatedly shocked immediately afterwards. 
B)  A teenager regularly works part-time after school in order to make some spending money. 
C)  A ball keeps rolling downhill because of the pull of gravity. 
D)  A cat keeps clawing the sofa despite being squirted with water every time it does this.

Question 15

Phyllis is a first-year psychology student; Gavin is a two-year-old child.Which of the following best describes the learning process for each of these?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most of Phyllis' learning is associative; most of Gavin's learning is non-associative. 
B)  Most of Phyllis' learning is non-associative; most of Gavin's is non-associative. 
C)  Most of Phyllis' learning is non-associative; most of Gavin's is associative. 
D)  Most of Phyllis' learning is associative; most of Gavin's is associative.

Question 16

Almost every weekend,you aimlessly wander through the shopping mall without buying anything.One day a mother with a child asks you where the nearest toy store is.You know exactly where to direct her,even though you've never shopped in the toy store.This is an example of ___.

Accepted Answer

A)  Köhler's insight learning 
B)  Tolman's latent learning 
C)  Thorndike's effectual mapping 
D)  Bandura's social-cognitive mapping

Question 17

Perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was ___.

Accepted Answer

A)  Thorndike 
B)  Pavlov 
C)  Watson 
D)  Skinner

Question 18

What schedule of reinforcement would lead to the greatest response rate?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 19

When Georgia was in the last 2 months of her pregnancy,she listened to Enya as she did her relaxation meditation.What do you expect would happen if Georgia's newborn son heard the song?

Accepted Answer

A)  He wouldn't recognize it, the sounds in the womb are drastically different from the sounds outside of the womb. 
B)  He would relax, having paired the song with relaxation. 
C)  He would become excited by the fact that he recognized the song. 
D)  He would get hungry, having linked the song with a state of homeostasis.

Question 20

Which has been shown to be more effective: punishment or reinforcement? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which has been shown to be more...

Exam 7: Learning