Exam 5: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, and Observational Learning

In Watson's and Rayner's experiment with the infant "Little Albert":

Thorndike (1913) found that the consequences of a response strengthen the connection between that response and some stimulus in the environment. He called this strengthening the:

In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively:

A generalized conditioned reinforcer is:

In an experiment by Pavlov, dogs were required to make finer and finer discriminations between circles and ellipses. When the dogs could no longer reliably discriminate, they:

As it relates to systematic desensitization, the term counterconditioning means:

An animal that exhibited symptoms such as slowness to learn new responses, passivity, and failure to compete effectively for resources might be characterized as displaying _____, according to Seligman.

The situation in which an individual reacts aggressively almost without thinking is what Berkowitz called:

In the experiment with the "tasty" and "bright-noisy" water, the footshock group:

Taste aversion studies suggest that:

A _____ increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Vicarious learning means:

According to Luria and colleagues (1987), most people learn the rules of sexual behavior during:

A _____ reinforcer is effective because of its very nature, while a _____ reinforcer is effective only after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer.

Studies of rats that learn to go to the correct arm of a T-maze, or to press a lever for the opportunity to kill a mouse suggest that aggressive behavior:

In intero-exteroceptive conditioning:

In the experiment by Garcia and Koelling (1966), a group of rats was exposed to a taste cue followed by X-rays which made the rats feel sick. Later, these rats:

According to Bolles's (1975) theory of amount of reinforcement effect (AOR):

Which of the following has research on learned helplessness NOT shown?

Secondary reinforcers: