Question 1

The pulmonary vascular system

Accepted Answer

A)  has no $\alpha$ or $\beta$ receptors. 
B)  has no parasympathetic innervation. 
C)  responds to norepinephrine with vasoconstriction. 
D)  has very low compliance. 
A)  has no $\alpha$ or $\beta$ receptors. 
B)  has no parasympathetic innervation. 
C)  responds to norepinephrine with vasoconstriction. 
D)  has very low compliance. C

Question 2

In zone 3 of the lung

Accepted Answer

A)  dead space is high. 
B)  alveolar pressure is high. 
C)  venous pressure is lowest. 
D)  the greatest blood flow occurs. 
A)  dead space is high. 
B)  alveolar pressure is high. 
C)  venous pressure is lowest. 
D)  the greatest blood flow occurs. D

Question 3

Intrapulmonary shunting refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  anatomic dead space. 
B)  alveolar dead space. 
C)  ventilation without perfusion. 
D)  perfusion without ventilation. 
A)  anatomic dead space. 
B)  alveolar dead space. 
C)  ventilation without perfusion. 
D)  perfusion without ventilation. D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing PaO2 above 90 mm Hg greatly improves saturation. 
B)  The curve shifts to the left with acidemia. 
C)  The curve shifts to the right with hypercarbia (increased CO2). 
D)  An increase in PaO2 causes a linear increase in SaO2. 
A)  Increasing PaO2 above 90 mm Hg greatly improves saturation. 
B)  The curve shifts to the left with acidemia. 
C)  The curve shifts to the right with hypercarbia (increased CO2). 
D)  An increase in PaO2 causes a linear increase in SaO2.

Question 5

As one moves from the apex of the lung to the dependent areas

Accepted Answer

A)  the alveoli become larger. 
B)  pleural pressure becomes more negative. 
C)  compliance becomes greater. 
D)  alveolar ventilation decreases. 
A)  the alveoli become larger. 
B)  pleural pressure becomes more negative. 
C)  compliance becomes greater. 
D)  alveolar ventilation decreases.

Question 6

An increase in filtration of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries occurs with _____ pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased capillary oncotic 
B)  increased capillary hydrostatic 
C)  decreased capillary hydrostatic 
D)  decreased interstitial oncotic 
A)  increased capillary oncotic 
B)  increased capillary hydrostatic 
C)  decreased capillary hydrostatic 
D)  decreased interstitial oncotic

Question 7

The Eustachian tubes travel from the posterior nasopharynx to the inner ear.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The amount of anatomic dead space is normally about 1 ml per pound of body weight.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The central chemoreceptors for respiratory control are

Accepted Answer

A)  located in the carotid artery. 
B)  responsive primarily to changes in pH and CO2. 
C)  responsive primarily to hypoxemia. 
D)  deactivated by chronic hypercapnia. 
A)  located in the carotid artery. 
B)  responsive primarily to changes in pH and CO2. 
C)  responsive primarily to hypoxemia. 
D)  deactivated by chronic hypercapnia.

Question 10

The larynx and trachea are part of the upper airway of the respiratory system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The hypoxemia caused by intrapulmonary shunt can be significantly improved by increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  residual volume. 
B)  functional residual capacity. 
C)  expiratory reserve volume. 
D)  residual capacity. 
A)  residual volume. 
B)  functional residual capacity. 
C)  expiratory reserve volume. 
D)  residual capacity.

Question 13

The peripheral chemoreceptors are

Accepted Answer

A)  located in the medulla oblongata. 
B)  poorly perfused and have a slow response time. 
C)  primarily responsible for the hypoxic drive to breathe. 
D)  unimportant in the adult human. 
A)  located in the medulla oblongata. 
B)  poorly perfused and have a slow response time. 
C)  primarily responsible for the hypoxic drive to breathe. 
D)  unimportant in the adult human.

Question 14

A structure that participates in diffusion of respiratory gases is the

Accepted Answer

A)  alveolus. 
B)  bronchiole. 
C)  trachea. 
D)  pharynx. 
A)  alveolus. 
B)  bronchiole. 
C)  trachea. 
D)  pharynx.

Question 15

The highest volume of ventilation and perfusion occurs in the upper lung fields.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema results from

Accepted Answer

A)  "leaky" pulmonary capillary membranes. 
B)  increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure. 
C)  exudation of protein-rich fluid into alveoli. 
D)  inflammatory injury to the capillary basement membrane. 
A)  "leaky" pulmonary capillary membranes. 
B)  increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure. 
C)  exudation of protein-rich fluid into alveoli. 
D)  inflammatory injury to the capillary basement membrane.

Question 17

A patient's arterial blood gases show that she has alkalemia (pH = 7.55) owing to hyperventilation. What effect, if any, will alkalemia have on oxygen delivery to tissues?

Accepted Answer

A)  No effect 
B)  Increased oxygen delivery by increasing PaO2 
C)  Decreased oxygen delivery by increasing hemoglobin affinity for O2 
D)  Increased oxygen delivery by decreasing hemoglobin affinity for O2 
A)  No effect 
B)  Increased oxygen delivery by increasing PaO2 
C)  Decreased oxygen delivery by increasing hemoglobin affinity for O2 
D)  Increased oxygen delivery by decreasing hemoglobin affinity for O2

Question 18

A patient is placed on 50% oxygen by mask with some relief of her dyspnea. Another arterial blood gas is obtained to evaluate lung function, which shows a PaO2 of 120 mm Hg. If the previous PaO2 on room air was 85 mm Hg, has lung function improved from the previous assessment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes 
B)  No 
A)  Yes 
B)  No

Question 19

Pamela is a 23-year-old college student who is in good health, lifts weights regularly, and maintains a high-protein, low-fat diet. She is injured in an automobile accident and confined to bed for 4 days in the hospital with a broken leg. On the fifth day of hospitalization, Pamela suddenly becomes very short of breath. She seems unable to get enough air and begins to hyperventilate. A chest x-ray is obtained, but appears normal. Considering the information presented, what is the most likely cause of Pamela's respiratory distress?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sudden onset of asthma 
B)  Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 
C)  Pneumonia 
D)  Pulmonary embolism 
A)  Sudden onset of asthma 
B)  Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 
C)  Pneumonia 
D)  Pulmonary embolism

Question 20

The right mainstem bronchus is straighter than the left.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 21: Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

The pulmonary vascular system

In zone 3 of the lung

Intrapulmonary shunting refers to

Which of the following statements about the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is true?

As one moves from the apex of the lung to the dependent areas

An increase in filtration of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries occurs with _____ pressure.

The Eustachian tubes travel from the posterior nasopharynx to the inner ear.

The amount of anatomic dead space is normally about 1 ml per pound of body weight.

The central chemoreceptors for respiratory control are

The larynx and trachea are part of the upper airway of the respiratory system.

The hypoxemia caused by intrapulmonary shunt can be significantly improved by increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen.

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation is called the

The peripheral chemoreceptors are

A structure that participates in diffusion of respiratory gases is the

The highest volume of ventilation and perfusion occurs in the upper lung fields.

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema results from

A patient's arterial blood gases show that she has alkalemia (pH = 7.55) owing to hyperventilation. What effect, if any, will alkalemia have on oxygen delivery to tissues?

A patient is placed on 50% oxygen by mask with some relief of her dyspnea. Another arterial blood gas is obtained to evaluate lung function, which shows a PaO2 of 120 mm Hg. If the previous PaO2 on room air was 85 mm Hg, has lung function improved from the previous assessment?

The right mainstem bronchus is straighter than the left.

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis and Adaptive Response to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Molecular Genetics and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

Hiv Disease and Aids

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac

Shock

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Bladder

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalmic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

Filters

A patient is placed on 50% oxygen by mask with some relief of her dyspnea. Another arterial blood gas is obtained to evaluate lung function, which shows a PaO₂ of 120 mm Hg. If the previous PaO₂ on room air was 85 mm Hg, has lung function improved from the previous assessment?