Exam 7: And Adaptation: the Role of Experience

is a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism's behaviour or capabilities.

Edward Thorndike based his "law of effect" on which of the following observations?

B.F.Skinner found that the highest rates of responding were produced by fixed interval schedules of reinforcement.

Though initially dominated by behaviourists,the utility of the expectancy model to explain the effects of classical conditioning demonstrates that people associated with the ____________ perspective have also made significant contributions to the study of .

The phenomenon of instinctual drift was introduced to illustrate a limitation of operant conditioning.

When you tell your dog,"Sit," and she does,you almost always give her a small treat.In this example,which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus?

The most important ingredient in extinguishing a classically conditioned behaviour is the repeated presentation of the CS without the CR.

A woman who is in a car crash develops a phobia of cars.Using the terminology associated with classical conditioning,a car would be considered a(n)__________.

When young animals are raised in "enriched" environments,they tend to have heavier brains with more dendrites and synapses and have higher concentrations of various neurotransmitters.Instances like these most clearly demonstrate how:

Which of the following statements regarding operant extinction is true?

Five-year-old Anais has foolishly covered her arms in masking tape.As her mother starts to remove the tape,little Anais cries harder and harder as the removal of tape becomes more and more painful over time.This would be an example of _______.

Don's parents want to him to do more chores around the house so they decide to pay him a small amount (50 cents)for each chore he does.Initially,this produces a large increase in the number of chores that Don does,but his parents soon tire of paying him for his work and discontinue the monetary reward program.Don continues his chores for a short while but once he realizes that he's no longer being paid,he stops doing them all together.The discontinuing of Don's chore behaviour best illustrates the process of:

A mother has been continually nagging her daughter about how messy her room is.Finally,the daughter gets so tired of her mom's complaints that she cleans her room,thus stopping the nagging of her mother.Given the fact that the withdrawal of the mother's nagging served to strengthen the daughter's room-cleaning behaviour,the mother's nagging would be considered a:

When Richard had an accident in his parent's car,he had his license suspended for 6 months.This outcome was intended to decrease his poor driving habits,therefore taking his license away is considered:

Olag has severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.It is likely that neuroimaging studies will show:

It has been a long time since Karina stopped bullying other children at school.Her parents simply explained to Karina that every time she bullies a child,she must pay a price for the bullying incident.Karina loves music and has an extensive CD collection;therefore,the cost of a bullying incident is three CDs from her collection.It did not take Karina long to determine that it was too high of a price to pay for her behaviour,so the bullying stopped.This response cost method of modifying behaviour is a:

The type of therapy that involves exposing the phobic patient to the feared stimulus (i.e. ,CS)without allowing the UCS is known as ____________ therapy.

Rats learned food aversions and preferences by watching other rats.This type of is called:

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?

Negative side effects of using _____________ to control behaviour include that it evokes negative emotions,it doesn't necessarily cause the organism to forget the undesired response,and it may serve to set an unintentional example that such aggressive behaviour is acceptable.