Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Ashanti enjoys a style of dress her classmates call quirky when they're being kind and weird when they're not.Operant conditioning suggests that Ashanti should stop dressing in this way,because the environment is punishing her,but she doesn't.She says that her dress style mirrors her inner uniqueness.In other words,she has strong internal reinforcement from her

After Meg eats hamburger for the first time,she gets sick and vomits.The next time someone asks Meg if she wants a hamburger,she feels nauseated,and she actually vomits.Meg has a

You use a ______________ schedule of reinforcement when you are teaching someone to do something new.You use a ______________ schedule of reinforcement after they have learned a behaviour and you want to maintain it.

Alex often visits the sandwich shop next to his office building.Each time he buys a sandwich,his "frequent customer" card is stamped.When he has 20 stamps,he gets a free sandwich.This is an example of

Ellie has migraine headaches on a regular basis.If she lies down as she feels a headache arising,she can prevent a migraine from developing.Her doctor prescribes a new medication that is 95 percent effective in preventing migraines.Ellie takes the medication but also continues to lie down when she feels a migraine coming on.Three months after he writes the prescription,the doctor asks her whether it has helped her.According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning,Ellie

Dharma has agreed to take a survey to help her roommate with a sociology project.Her roommate promises that the survey is short and won't take much of Dharma's time.Looking through the survey,Dharma sees that if she answers "yes" to one particular question,she can move on to the next question.If she answers "no," she will be asked to write an explanation.Though Dharma disagrees with many of the statements on the survey,she resents the amount of time explaining her "no" answers will take,so she answers "yes" to every question.Dharma is displaying

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks,and she always puts a leash on him when they go out.The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside,but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash.In this case,what is the conditioned stimulus?

In Bandura's social-cognitive theory of learning a key motivational factor in learning is self-efficacy.People who are high in self-efficacy believe

Sometimes behaviour can't be controlled by conditioning alone,because instinctive behaviours get in the way.For example,researchers have taught raccoons to put coins in a piggybank,but eventually the raccoons don't want to give up the coins after they get them.This biological constraint on learning is called

Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel,so she buys a choke collar.Every time the dog strains on the leash,the collar restricts around his neck.Every time the dog drops back to walk beside her,the collar loosens up.In theory,this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice.What type of consequence results from the collar loosening up?

Getting a paycheque every two weeks is an example of a

After Albert Bandura showed children videos of grownups beating up a Bobo doll,the children beat up Bobo in exactly the same way.This is an example of

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends.Unfortunately,he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat,and now when he sees boats he feels queasy.In this situation,the conditioned stimulus is the

Troy would like to teach his dog to play a toy piano.Since the dog is unlikely to spontaneously begin playing the piano,Troy first rewards his dog for going near the piano,then for touching the piano,then for pressing on one of the keys of the piano,and so on until the dog is able to play a simple tune.This process is called

Stuart hates passing the neighbours' house on his walk home from school because the bulldog there barks at him.Because of this,Stuart became anxious around all dogs;however,his family recently adopted a Labrador Retriever.The dog is very gentle and never barks at Stuart,and now Stuart is anxious only around the bulldog down the street.Stuart has learned to

Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her.When Sonia cries or screams,her mother scolds her.Though she doesn't like being scolded,Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all.Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention,she should scream or cry.Eventually,however,Sonia's mother realizes that Sonia only wants attention,so she stops coming over when Sonia cries and screams.What should happen as a result?

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks,and she always puts a leash on him when they go out.The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside,but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash.The period of time in which the dog learned to associate the leash with walks is called the ____________________ interval.

Sometimes when people are punished they don't stop doing the behaviour,they just make the right response to end the aversive (unpleasant)stimulus,for example,by lying.This is called

Grounding a child or taking away her TV privileges (an unpleasant experience)because she has misbehaved is an example of

Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her.When Sonia cries or screams,her mother comes over and scolds her.Though she doesn't like being scolded,Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all.Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention,she should scream or cry.What kind of learning is this?