Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends.Unfortunately,he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat,and now when he sees boats he feels queasy.This is an example of

Finn has been wearing the same cologne for over a year.At work one day,one of his colleagues mentions that he might want to use a little less,because everyone can smell him when he walks into a room.Finn is confused,because he can hardly smell the cologne-that's why he puts so much on! What has happened?

The Tanzanian government implemented a radio soap opera in order to decrease the spread of HIV/AIDS.Which of the following is not one of the goals of this project?

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks,and she always puts a leash on him when they go out.The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside,but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash.One day,Irinia is cleaning out her garage and pulls some old bungee cords out of a box.Her dog begins to jump around and wag his tail the same way he does when he thinks they are going for a walk.The dog has ___________________ the stimulus of the leash to the bungee cords.

Trent's cat comes running when he shakes a can of treats.Trent wants to teach his cat to come when he says,"Do you want a treat?" To do this,he will ask,"Do you want a treat?" before he shakes the can of treats.Trent is

A key principle in many therapies that treat phobias and fears is that the phobia or fear is learned and can therefore be

Tracy suffered from nausea for the first three months of her pregnancy.Because it was easy,her husband ordered Chinese take-out food three or four evenings each week.In spite of her nausea,Tracy forced herself to eat the take-out food.A year later,she and a friend walk past a Chinese restaurant and the smell of the food makes her nauseated.Which of the following explains why Tracy felt nauseated?

Kaori is playing on the floor while her mother cooks.Her mother sets a spoon on the counter and goes to the refrigerator.Kaori grabs the spoon,burns her fingers,jerks her hand away,and begins to cry.The next time her mother sets a spoon down on the counter,Kaori remembers that she got burned the last time and does not try to touch it.We can say that this experience produced a relatively enduring change in Kaori's behaviour;in other words,Kaori has _____________________ something.

Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her.When Sonia cries or screams,her mother comes over and scolds her.Though she doesn't like being scolded,Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all.Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention,she should scream or cry.What is the reinforcer in this situation?

Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years,but today the road is closed due to an accident.Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss,so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used.She is displaying

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends.Unfortunately,he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat,and now when he sees boats he feels queasy.In this situation,the conditioned response is the

Simba the cat was lying in the laundry room watching her owner do laundry.Now her owner has gone to the market,and the breeze from an open window has blown the door of the laundry room almost completely closed.Simba has never had to open a door before,but she knows that if she wants to move something,she must use her paw.She is also aware that the door is in her way.Eventually,she sticks her paw into the space under the door and pulls,and the door opens.This sudden perception of a useful relationship that helped Simba solve her problem is referred to as

David's mother is terrified of snakes.When David sees how much snakes scare her,he also feels scared of snakes.This is an example of

Bryn adopted her cat,Minnie,from the local shelter.She feeds Minnie dry food,but the previous owner fed her only canned food.Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator,her new cat comes running.Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator,however,so eventually the cat stops showing up.Once in a while,though,Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator,as if food is forthcoming.This reappearance of Minnie's old behaviour is called

Ben is afraid to ride elevators,but he just got a job on the 30^th floor of a skyscraper.He has only a few days to get rid of his fear,so his therapist says he must face the fear directly.Ben and his therapist get on an elevator and ride it up and down until Ben realizes that he is safe.This is called

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks,and she always puts a leash on him when they go out.At first,the dog wagged his tail only when they got outside;eventually,he began to wag his tail when she picked up the leash.Irinia recently locked herself out of her place,so she has begun picking up her keys and putting them in her pocket before she takes down the leash.Now the dog begins to wag his tail when she picks up her keys.What kind of learning has happened?

About 65 percent of adults over the age of 20 are overweight.Based on what we know about operant conditioning,which of the following may contribute to the problem?

Hitesh's friends asked him to meet them for dinner,but he has never been to the restaurant they name.He asks where the restaurant is located and is told that it sits at the corner of Main Avenue and State Street.Though he has never been to the corner of Main and State,he knows where both roads are and is able to figure out where the restaurant is.He is using

Bryn adopted her cat,Minnie,from the local shelter.She feeds Minnie dry food,but the previous owner fed her only canned food.Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator,her new cat comes running.Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator,however,so eventually the cat stops showing up.The cat's learned response to the sound of the refrigerator being opened has been