Question 1

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

Accepted Answer

A) A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm. 
B) A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm. 
C) Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm. 
D) A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm. 
E) Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex,and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensor muscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object. 
A) A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm. 
B) A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm. 
C) Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm. 
D) A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm. 
E) Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex,and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensor muscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object. B

Question 2

Sensory neurons that are part of the stretch reflex synapse directly onto the motor neurons of antagonist muscles,and inhibit them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Which best describes the specific cause of Parkinson disease?

Accepted Answer

A) enhanced sensitivity of cholinergic receptors to acetylcholine 
B) reduced ability of neurons in the substantia nigra to release dopamine 
C) failure of serotonin receptors to bind with these neurohormones 
D) hyperactivity of metabolic enzymes that degrade dopamine 
E) natural tendency of basal nuclei to follow a daily recurring,oscillating cycle of rising and falling norepinephrine release 
A) enhanced sensitivity of cholinergic receptors to acetylcholine 
B) reduced ability of neurons in the substantia nigra to release dopamine 
C) failure of serotonin receptors to bind with these neurohormones 
D) hyperactivity of metabolic enzymes that degrade dopamine 
E) natural tendency of basal nuclei to follow a daily recurring,oscillating cycle of rising and falling norepinephrine release

Question 5

One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

Accepted Answer

A) Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
B) Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
C) Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated. 
D) Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. 
E) Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. 
A) Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
B) Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
C) Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated. 
D) Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. 
E) Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

Question 7

According to the hierarchy of motor control,

Accepted Answer

A) the highest level of control consists entirely of neurons in the primary motor region of the cerebral cortex. 
B) the middle level of control does not involve any areas of the cerebral cortex. 
C) the local level of control includes the cerebellum and basal ganglia. 
D) structures in the middle level receive information from both the higher and the local levels of the hierarchy. 
E)  afferent information from skin,joint,and muscle receptors cannot modify a movement once it has been initiated by a motor program from the middle level of the hierarchy. 
A) the highest level of control consists entirely of neurons in the primary motor region of the cerebral cortex. 
B) the middle level of control does not involve any areas of the cerebral cortex. 
C) the local level of control includes the cerebellum and basal ganglia. 
D) structures in the middle level receive information from both the higher and the local levels of the hierarchy. 
E)  afferent information from skin,joint,and muscle receptors cannot modify a movement once it has been initiated by a motor program from the middle level of the hierarchy.

Question 8

When a person steps on a tack with the left foot,flexor muscles on the right leg and extensor muscles on the left leg will be stimulated to contract.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Afferent pathways of the postural reflexes come mainly from:

Accepted Answer

A) the cerebellum. 
B) the eyes,the vestibular apparatus,and the receptors involved in proprioception. 
C) muscle spindles and temperature receptors. 
D) nociceptors and chemoreceptors. 
E) the somatosensory cortex. 
A) the cerebellum. 
B) the eyes,the vestibular apparatus,and the receptors involved in proprioception. 
C) muscle spindles and temperature receptors. 
D) nociceptors and chemoreceptors. 
E) the somatosensory cortex.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about control of body movement is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) The corticospinal motor pathways control most fine,discrete muscle activity. 
B) The brain stem pathways control postural and most other coordinated body movements. 
C) The cerebellum fine-tunes ongoing movement and helps to coordinate movements. 
D)  The corticobulbar pathways begin in the sensorimotor cortex and end in the brainstem. 
E) The corticospinal tracts from the right sensorimotor cortex control movements of limbs on the right side of the body. 
A) The corticospinal motor pathways control most fine,discrete muscle activity. 
B) The brain stem pathways control postural and most other coordinated body movements. 
C) The cerebellum fine-tunes ongoing movement and helps to coordinate movements. 
D)  The corticobulbar pathways begin in the sensorimotor cortex and end in the brainstem. 
E) The corticospinal tracts from the right sensorimotor cortex control movements of limbs on the right side of the body.

Question 11

Motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscle fibers are subject to the summative effects of interneurons firing either excitatory,inhibitory,or both kinds of neurotransmitters simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What is the function of the basal nuclei in normal motor control?

Accepted Answer

A)  They provide a perceptual awareness related to specific sensory inputs from the eyes,nose,and mouth. 
B)  They provide a general perceptual awareness associated with somatosensory inputs from the skin,muscles,and joints. 
C) They provide a sense of the cause and effect relationships between muscle actions and the consequences of taking these actions - before executing them. 
D) They participate in a looping neuronal circuit through which motor impulses are sent to facilitate or suppress movements. 
E) They form an initial intention to move,such as when you decide to pick up an object. 
A)  They provide a perceptual awareness related to specific sensory inputs from the eyes,nose,and mouth. 
B)  They provide a general perceptual awareness associated with somatosensory inputs from the skin,muscles,and joints. 
C) They provide a sense of the cause and effect relationships between muscle actions and the consequences of taking these actions - before executing them. 
D) They participate in a looping neuronal circuit through which motor impulses are sent to facilitate or suppress movements. 
E) They form an initial intention to move,such as when you decide to pick up an object.

Question 14

What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes?

Accepted Answer

A) It prevents simultaneous activity of antagonistic muscle groups that would impede limb movement. 
B) It ensures that limbs on the contralateral side of the body perform the same movements as those on the ipsilateral side. 
C) It maintains signaling along afferent neurons from stretch receptors,even when a muscle shortens rapidly. 
D) It prevents excessive force on a muscle from resulting in tearing of fibers,or damage to the tendon. 
E) It recruits synergistic muscles to come to the aid of a muscle that help it generate force and limb motion. 
A) It prevents simultaneous activity of antagonistic muscle groups that would impede limb movement. 
B) It ensures that limbs on the contralateral side of the body perform the same movements as those on the ipsilateral side. 
C) It maintains signaling along afferent neurons from stretch receptors,even when a muscle shortens rapidly. 
D) It prevents excessive force on a muscle from resulting in tearing of fibers,or damage to the tendon. 
E) It recruits synergistic muscles to come to the aid of a muscle that help it generate force and limb motion.

Question 15

Which is a symptom of Parkinson disease?

Accepted Answer

A) flaccid paralysis 
B) intention tremor 
C) resting tremor 
D) memory loss 
E) loss of proprioception 
A) flaccid paralysis 
B) intention tremor 
C) resting tremor 
D) memory loss 
E) loss of proprioception

Question 16

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle?

Accepted Answer

A) They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. 
B) They are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C) They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors. 
D) When stimulated to fire,they always inhibit flexor muscles muscles. 
E) Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons. 
A) They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. 
B) They are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C) They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors. 
D) When stimulated to fire,they always inhibit flexor muscles muscles. 
E) Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

Question 18

Stretch reflexes:

Accepted Answer

A) occur only in the legs. 
B) inhibit antagonistic muscles. 
C) mediate flexor activation and withdrawal from a painful stimulus. 
D) are initiated by stimulation of Golgi tendon organs. 
E) are initiated by stretching of extrafusal muscle fibers. 
A) occur only in the legs. 
B) inhibit antagonistic muscles. 
C) mediate flexor activation and withdrawal from a painful stimulus. 
D) are initiated by stimulation of Golgi tendon organs. 
E) are initiated by stretching of extrafusal muscle fibers.

Question 19

The flexor (withdrawal)reflex

Accepted Answer

A) has a monosynaptic component. 
B) is initiated by stretching muscle spindle fibers. 
C) is initiated by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ. 
D) stimulates contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle. 
E) stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle. 
A) has a monosynaptic component. 
B) is initiated by stretching muscle spindle fibers. 
C) is initiated by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ. 
D) stimulates contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle. 
E) stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

Question 20

What occurs when gamma motor neurons to a muscle are activated?

Accepted Answer

A) The muscle spindle goes slack. 
B) The contractile ends of intrafusal fibers elongate. 
C) The muscle lengthens. 
D) Extrafusal muscle fibers within that muscle are inhibited from contracting. 
E) Action potential firing increases in afferent neurons from the muscle spindles. 
A) The muscle spindle goes slack. 
B) The contractile ends of intrafusal fibers elongate. 
C) The muscle lengthens. 
D) Extrafusal muscle fibers within that muscle are inhibited from contracting. 
E) Action potential firing increases in afferent neurons from the muscle spindles.

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

Sensory neurons that are part of the stretch reflex synapse directly onto the motor neurons of antagonist muscles,and inhibit them.

The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.

Which best describes the specific cause of Parkinson disease?

One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program.

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

According to the hierarchy of motor control,

When a person steps on a tack with the left foot,flexor muscles on the right leg and extensor muscles on the left leg will be stimulated to contract.

Afferent pathways of the postural reflexes come mainly from:

Which of the following statements about control of body movement is FALSE?

Motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscle fibers are subject to the summative effects of interneurons firing either excitatory,inhibitory,or both kinds of neurotransmitters simultaneously.

The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body.

What is the function of the basal nuclei in normal motor control?

What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes?

Which is a symptom of Parkinson disease?

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle?

Stretch reflexes:

The flexor (withdrawal)reflex

What occurs when gamma motor neurons to a muscle are activated?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

Defense Mechanisms of the Body

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Exam 10: Control of Body Movement

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

Sensory neurons that are part of the stretch reflex synapse directly onto the motor neurons of antagonist muscles,and inhibit them.

The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.

Which best describes the specific cause of Parkinson disease?

One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program.

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

According to the hierarchy of motor control,

When a person steps on a tack with the left foot,flexor muscles on the right leg and extensor muscles on the left leg will be stimulated to contract.

Afferent pathways of the postural reflexes come mainly from:

Which of the following statements about control of body movement is FALSE?

Motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscle fibers are subject to the summative effects of interneurons firing either excitatory,inhibitory,or both kinds of neurotransmitters simultaneously.

The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body.

What is the function of the basal nuclei in normal motor control?

What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes?

Which is a symptom of Parkinson disease?

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle?

Stretch reflexes:

The flexor (withdrawal)reflex

What occurs when gamma motor neurons to a muscle are activated?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

Defense Mechanisms of the Body

Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases

Filters