Question 1

Once a planned movement is under way,it is usually carried out with no further modifications until it is finished.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Practicing a movement allows for "fine tuning" the original program so that the movement can be executed with fewer corrections.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Motor pathways extending from the central nervous system to muscle fibers are subject to control by both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine?

Accepted Answer

A) Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient. 
B) Injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine. 
C) Dopamine is highly addictive,creating a dependence in the patient that is worse than Parkinson disease. 
D) Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier,and it has too many systemic side effects. 
E) Dopamine is a protein that is digested in the stomach before it can enter a person's circulation. 
A) Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient. 
B) Injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine. 
C) Dopamine is highly addictive,creating a dependence in the patient that is worse than Parkinson disease. 
D) Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier,and it has too many systemic side effects. 
E) Dopamine is a protein that is digested in the stomach before it can enter a person's circulation.

Question 5

What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease?

Accepted Answer

A) There is a loss of neurons in the reticular activating system that secrete acetylcholine. 
B) There is a demyelination of alpha motor neurons important for posture and balance. 
C) Neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and there is reduced delivery of dopamine to the basal ganglia. 
D) Autoimmune destruction occurs in neurons in the motor regions of the cerebral cortex. 
E) Damage to neurons of the cerebellum reduces the coordination of muscle movements. 
A) There is a loss of neurons in the reticular activating system that secrete acetylcholine. 
B) There is a demyelination of alpha motor neurons important for posture and balance. 
C) Neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and there is reduced delivery of dopamine to the basal ganglia. 
D) Autoimmune destruction occurs in neurons in the motor regions of the cerebral cortex. 
E) Damage to neurons of the cerebellum reduces the coordination of muscle movements.

Question 6

Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

A) flaccid paralysis 
B) violent,uncontrolled body movements called chorea 
C) intention tremors 
D) resting tremors 
E) spastic paralysis 
A) flaccid paralysis 
B) violent,uncontrolled body movements called chorea 
C) intention tremors 
D) resting tremors 
E) spastic paralysis

Question 7

Intrafusal muscle fibers:

Accepted Answer

A) are found in muscle spindles. 
B) are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C) generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle. 
D) fire continuously at a constant rate. 
E) are only found in extensor muscles. 
A) are found in muscle spindles. 
B) are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C) generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle. 
D) fire continuously at a constant rate. 
E) are only found in extensor muscles.

Question 8

Which is TRUE about the function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

A) It helps to coordinate body movements. 
B) It is important in maintaining posture. 
C) It receives input from sensory pathways. 
D) It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints. 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) It helps to coordinate body movements. 
B) It is important in maintaining posture. 
C) It receives input from sensory pathways. 
D) It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints. 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Inhibitory input to motor neurons is as important for normal muscle function as excitatory input.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which of the following is not true of corticospinal fibers?

Accepted Answer

A) They may synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. 
B) They may synapse directly on gamma motor neurons. 
C) They may synapse directly on interneurons. 
D) They are collectively sometimes called the extrapyramidal system. 
E) They may synapse with afferent neurons in ascending pathways. 
A) They may synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. 
B) They may synapse directly on gamma motor neurons. 
C) They may synapse directly on interneurons. 
D) They are collectively sometimes called the extrapyramidal system. 
E) They may synapse with afferent neurons in ascending pathways.

Question 11

The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal ganglia from the motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the motor control hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

A)  The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex,the primary motor cortex,muscle sensory receptors,and the basal ganglia. 
B) The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex,and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. 
C) Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program--a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement. 
D) The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex,as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. 
E) Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy. 
A)  The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex,the primary motor cortex,muscle sensory receptors,and the basal ganglia. 
B) The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex,and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. 
C) Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program--a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement. 
D) The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex,as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. 
E) Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy.

Question 13

The skeletal muscles of the body are represented in the primary motor cortex proportionately to their size.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

What is responsible for the phenomenon in skeletal muscle known as muscle tone?

Accepted Answer

A) the passive elastic properties of muscles and joints and some degree of alpha motor neuron activity 
B) spontaneous entry of calcium into the cytosol and the background phosphorylation of cross-bridges 
C) depletion of ATP in some individual muscle fibers,and the inability for cross-bridges to detach 
D) cross-bridges that continuously cycle,even in the absence of cytosolic Ca2+ 
E) a build-up of K+ in the T-tubules and resulting depolarization of the sarcolemma 
A) the passive elastic properties of muscles and joints and some degree of alpha motor neuron activity 
B) spontaneous entry of calcium into the cytosol and the background phosphorylation of cross-bridges 
C) depletion of ATP in some individual muscle fibers,and the inability for cross-bridges to detach 
D) cross-bridges that continuously cycle,even in the absence of cytosolic Ca2+ 
E) a build-up of K+ in the T-tubules and resulting depolarization of the sarcolemma

Question 15

What is the best description of how a given muscle fiber can be inhibited from contracting?

Accepted Answer

A) Inhibitory inputs from local reflexes and descending pathways prevent the fiber's motor neuron from firing action potentials. 
B) Descending inputs from brainstem components of the middle level of the motor control hierarchy make inhibitory synapses onto the muscle fibers. 
C)  Contractions in an antagonistic muscle's fibers are stronger than the given muscle's contractions. 
D) Golgi tendon organs send afferent neurons directly to muscle fibers that attach to them and release inhibitory neurotransmitter. 
E) Interneurons in the local spinal cord region send axons to the muscle fiber's neuromuscular junction,where they impose presynaptic inhibition. 
A) Inhibitory inputs from local reflexes and descending pathways prevent the fiber's motor neuron from firing action potentials. 
B) Descending inputs from brainstem components of the middle level of the motor control hierarchy make inhibitory synapses onto the muscle fibers. 
C)  Contractions in an antagonistic muscle's fibers are stronger than the given muscle's contractions. 
D) Golgi tendon organs send afferent neurons directly to muscle fibers that attach to them and release inhibitory neurotransmitter. 
E) Interneurons in the local spinal cord region send axons to the muscle fiber's neuromuscular junction,where they impose presynaptic inhibition.

Question 16

Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In general,the brainstem descending pathways have greater influence over motor neurons controlling muscles involved in fine movements and the corticospinal pathways are more involved in the coordination of large muscle groups and postural muscles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the following does not describe the highest hierarchical level of motor control?

Accepted Answer

A) It creates a "motor program" that uses afferent information to generate a pattern of neural activity required to carry out a given action. 
B) It involves brain regions that include the sensorimotor and cortical association areas. 
C) It sends signals along "command neurons" to parts of the brain that make up the middle level of the motor control hierarchy. 
D)  It involves brain regions that function in memory,emotions,and motivation. 
E) It initiates consciously-planned movements. 
A) It creates a "motor program" that uses afferent information to generate a pattern of neural activity required to carry out a given action. 
B) It involves brain regions that include the sensorimotor and cortical association areas. 
C) It sends signals along "command neurons" to parts of the brain that make up the middle level of the motor control hierarchy. 
D)  It involves brain regions that function in memory,emotions,and motivation. 
E) It initiates consciously-planned movements.

Question 19

What is the definition of "muscle tone?"

Accepted Answer

A) the resistance of muscle to continuous passive stretch 
B) the sound made by a muscle at rest 
C) the maximum contraction strength that a muscle is capable of 
D) the tension in a muscle that is only due to the passive resistance of elastic structures 
E) the average length of the muscle fibers in a given motor unit 
A) the resistance of muscle to continuous passive stretch 
B) the sound made by a muscle at rest 
C) the maximum contraction strength that a muscle is capable of 
D) the tension in a muscle that is only due to the passive resistance of elastic structures 
E) the average length of the muscle fibers in a given motor unit

Question 20

What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease?

Accepted Answer

A) They cannot initiate movements,but will sit as though frozen for extended periods of time. 
B) They have resting tremors,in which the head or limbs will continuously oscillate when no movement is intended. 
C) They lose the ability to comprehend language,although they are still fully capable of speaking words. 
D) All reflexes governing unconscious reactions to muscle stretch,muscle force,and nociceptor input are lost. 
E) They cannot perform limb or eye movements smoothly,showing intention tremors that increase as a movement nears its final destination. 
A) They cannot initiate movements,but will sit as though frozen for extended periods of time. 
B) They have resting tremors,in which the head or limbs will continuously oscillate when no movement is intended. 
C) They lose the ability to comprehend language,although they are still fully capable of speaking words. 
D) All reflexes governing unconscious reactions to muscle stretch,muscle force,and nociceptor input are lost. 
E) They cannot perform limb or eye movements smoothly,showing intention tremors that increase as a movement nears its final destination.

Once a planned movement is under way,it is usually carried out with no further modifications until it is finished.

Practicing a movement allows for "fine tuning" the original program so that the movement can be executed with fewer corrections.

Motor pathways extending from the central nervous system to muscle fibers are subject to control by both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.

What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine?

What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease?

Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?

Intrafusal muscle fibers:

Which is TRUE about the function of the cerebellum?

Inhibitory input to motor neurons is as important for normal muscle function as excitatory input.

Which of the following is not true of corticospinal fibers?

The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal ganglia from the motor cortex.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the motor control hierarchy?

The skeletal muscles of the body are represented in the primary motor cortex proportionately to their size.

What is responsible for the phenomenon in skeletal muscle known as muscle tone?

What is the best description of how a given muscle fiber can be inhibited from contracting?

Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness.

In general,the brainstem descending pathways have greater influence over motor neurons controlling muscles involved in fine movements and the corticospinal pathways are more involved in the coordination of large muscle groups and postural muscles.

Which of the following does not describe the highest hierarchical level of motor control?

What is the definition of "muscle tone?"

What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

Defense Mechanisms of the Body

Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases

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Exam 10: Control of Body Movement

Once a planned movement is under way,it is usually carried out with no further modifications until it is finished.

Practicing a movement allows for "fine tuning" the original program so that the movement can be executed with fewer corrections.

Motor pathways extending from the central nervous system to muscle fibers are subject to control by both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.

What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine?

What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease?

Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?

Intrafusal muscle fibers:

Which is TRUE about the function of the cerebellum?

Inhibitory input to motor neurons is as important for normal muscle function as excitatory input.

Which of the following is not true of corticospinal fibers?

The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal ganglia from the motor cortex.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the motor control hierarchy?

The skeletal muscles of the body are represented in the primary motor cortex proportionately to their size.

What is responsible for the phenomenon in skeletal muscle known as muscle tone?

What is the best description of how a given muscle fiber can be inhibited from contracting?

Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness.

In general,the brainstem descending pathways have greater influence over motor neurons controlling muscles involved in fine movements and the corticospinal pathways are more involved in the coordination of large muscle groups and postural muscles.

Which of the following does not describe the highest hierarchical level of motor control?

What is the definition of "muscle tone?"

What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

Defense Mechanisms of the Body

Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases

Filters