Question 1

Compare and contrast self-perception theory and dissonance theory.

Accepted Answer

Self-perception theory and dissonance theory are both psychological theories that seek to explain human behavior and cognition, but they approach the issue from different perspectives.

Self-perception theory, proposed by Daryl Bem in 1967, suggests that individuals come to know their own attitudes, emotions, and internal states by inferring them from their own behavior and the context in which it occurs. In other words, people observe their own actions and then make inferences about their internal states based on those observations. For example, if someone observes themselves volunteering for a charity event, they may infer that they are a charitable and caring person. This theory emphasizes the role of external cues and behaviors in shaping self-perception.

On the other hand, dissonance theory, proposed by Leon Festinger in 1957, posits that individuals experience psychological discomfort when they hold conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. This discomfort, known as cognitive dissonance, motivates people to reduce the inconsistency by changing their attitudes or behaviors. For example, if someone believes that smoking is harmful to their health but continues to smoke, they may experience cognitive dissonance and either change their belief about smoking or quit the habit. This theory emphasizes the role of internal cognitive processes in shaping behavior.

In summary, self-perception theory focuses on how individuals infer their own attitudes and emotions from their behavior, while dissonance theory focuses on how individuals reduce cognitive dissonance by changing their attitudes or behaviors. Both theories offer valuable insights into human cognition and behavior, but they differ in their emphasis on external cues versus internal cognitive processes.

Question 2

According to Steele's self-affirmation theory, the need to justify dissonant acts is

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
B)  increased if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
C)  unaffected if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
D)  decreased if one's self-worth has been recently threatened. 
A)  decreased if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
B)  increased if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
C)  unaffected if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
D)  decreased if one's self-worth has been recently threatened. A

Question 3

According to the text, tobacco company executives are able to live with themselves despite the link between smoking and ill health by publicly

Accepted Answer

A)  acknowledging that they are simply trying to earn a living. 
B)  arguing that while smoking has adverse physical effects, it has positive psychological benefits. 
C)  defending the smoker's right to choose. 
D)  arguing that a third variable explains the relationship between smoking and ill health. 
A)  acknowledging that they are simply trying to earn a living. 
B)  arguing that while smoking has adverse physical effects, it has positive psychological benefits. 
C)  defending the smoker's right to choose. 
D)  arguing that a third variable explains the relationship between smoking and ill health. C

Question 4

In dissonance experiments, the attitudes-follow-behaviour effect ____________ when participants ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  becomes stronger; drink alcohol 
B)  becomes stronger; have no choice in their behaviour 
C)  disappears; exercise 
D)  disappears; drink alcohol 
A)  becomes stronger; drink alcohol 
B)  becomes stronger; have no choice in their behaviour 
C)  disappears; exercise 
D)  disappears; drink alcohol

Question 5

Yolanda works for the Department of Motor Vehicles in the Canadian government and has developed a new legislation that requires yearly vehicle inspections and mandatory glass replacements for any damage to a vehicle's windshield or windows. According to the principles in your text, which outcome is most likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  The public will resist the new law, and will continue to oppose it in years to come. 
B)  The public will resist the new law, but will come to offer more support for it in the future. 
C)  The public will accept the new law, but will come to oppose it in years to come. 
D)  The public will accept the new law, and come to strongly support it in the future. 
A)  The public will resist the new law, and will continue to oppose it in years to come. 
B)  The public will resist the new law, but will come to offer more support for it in the future. 
C)  The public will accept the new law, but will come to oppose it in years to come. 
D)  The public will accept the new law, and come to strongly support it in the future.

Question 6

No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _______________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-perception 
B)  self-justification 
C)  self-presentation 
D)  social orientation 
A)  self-perception 
B)  self-justification 
C)  self-presentation 
D)  social orientation

Question 7

Milford has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he himself cheats on a chemistry quiz, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance theory 
B)  self-perception theory 
C)  reinforcement theory 
D)  role-playing theory 
A)  cognitive dissonance theory 
B)  self-perception theory 
C)  reinforcement theory 
D)  role-playing theory

Question 8

A prevailing assumption that underlies most teaching, counselling, and child rearing has been that

Accepted Answer

A)  private attitudes determine behaviour. 
B)  private attitudes are unrelated to behaviour. 
C)  feelings, behaviours, and beliefs are always consistent. 
D)  feelings, behaviours, and beliefs are always inconsistent. 
A)  private attitudes determine behaviour. 
B)  private attitudes are unrelated to behaviour. 
C)  feelings, behaviours, and beliefs are always consistent. 
D)  feelings, behaviours, and beliefs are always inconsistent.

Question 9

Based on the findings of James Laird's research on self-perception, if you want to feel happier you should

Accepted Answer

A)  compare yourself to those who are worse off. 
B)  act happy by smiling. 
C)  assume an unhappy expression like frowning. 
D)  reward yourself after you have met your goals. 
A)  compare yourself to those who are worse off. 
B)  act happy by smiling. 
C)  assume an unhappy expression like frowning. 
D)  reward yourself after you have met your goals.

Question 10

Although dissonance theory successfully explains what happens when we act contrary to clearly defined attitudes, it does not explain

Accepted Answer

A)  attitude change. 
B)  the overjustification effect. 
C)  behaviour change. 
D)  the insufficient justification effect. 
A)  attitude change. 
B)  the overjustification effect. 
C)  behaviour change. 
D)  the insufficient justification effect.

Question 11

According to self-perception theory, there can be both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for behaviour. Discuss these motivations and compare how each is related to the attributions people make about their behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Self-perception theory suggests that peo

Question 12

According to the text, which of the following is the practical lesson from research on the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Before agreeing to a small request, think about what may follow. 
B)  Never agree to small requests. 
C)  Never trust door-to-door salespeople. 
D)  Don't make commitments. 
A)  Before agreeing to a small request, think about what may follow. 
B)  Never agree to small requests. 
C)  Never trust door-to-door salespeople. 
D)  Don't make commitments.

Question 13

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-presentation 
B)  cognitive dissonance 
C)  self-justification 
D)  self-perception 
A)  self-presentation 
B)  cognitive dissonance 
C)  self-justification 
D)  self-perception

Question 14

If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminium cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue

Accepted Answer

A)  for the need to protect and preserve global resources. 
B)  for the benefits of recycling all recyclable products. 
C)  for the benefits of recycling aluminium cans. 
D)  for the long-term dangers to the environment if we don't recycle all recyclable products. 
A)  for the need to protect and preserve global resources. 
B)  for the benefits of recycling all recyclable products. 
C)  for the benefits of recycling aluminium cans. 
D)  for the long-term dangers to the environment if we don't recycle all recyclable products.

Question 15

According to the research by Burns Vaughan and John Lanzetta, you will feel more empathy for someone with whom you are interacting in person than for someone with whom you are interacting over the telephone because

Accepted Answer

A)  imitating others' expressions help us feel what they are feeling. 
B)  telephone connections are sometimes unclear. 
C)  you will be tempted to overjustify yourself. 
D)  all of these choices. 
A)  imitating others' expressions help us feel what they are feeling. 
B)  telephone connections are sometimes unclear. 
C)  you will be tempted to overjustify yourself. 
D)  all of these choices.

Question 16

A person's attitude will be reflected in that person's

Accepted Answer

A)  beliefs. 
B)  feelings. 
C)  intentions to act. 
D)  all of these choices. 
A)  beliefs. 
B)  feelings. 
C)  intentions to act. 
D)  all of these choices.

Question 17

Beth is torn between buying a Toyota Camry and a Honda Accord-two equally attractive options. After finally deciding on the Toyota, Beth will likely

Accepted Answer

A)  regret her decision for as long as she owns the car. 
B)  think about all the positive features of the Honda. 
C)  dwell on the negative features of the Toyota. 
D)  think about and even upgrade all the positive features of the Toyota. 
A)  regret her decision for as long as she owns the car. 
B)  think about all the positive features of the Honda. 
C)  dwell on the negative features of the Toyota. 
D)  think about and even upgrade all the positive features of the Toyota.

Question 18

One of the things demonstrated by the study by Zanna and Cooper was

Accepted Answer

A)  an unanticipated reward diminishes intrinsic interest. 
B)  people must properly attribute the arousal caused by cognitive dissonance before their attitudes will change. 
C)  people must be mistaken about the source of their arousal before their attitudes will change. 
D)  None of these choices. 
A)  an unanticipated reward diminishes intrinsic interest. 
B)  people must properly attribute the arousal caused by cognitive dissonance before their attitudes will change. 
C)  people must be mistaken about the source of their arousal before their attitudes will change. 
D)  None of these choices.

Question 19

Myra's neighbour, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should

Accepted Answer

A)  threaten to make him miserable if he keeps playing. 
B)  pay him to quit playing. 
C)  pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more. 
D)  pay him to play and then offer him less and less. 
A)  threaten to make him miserable if he keeps playing. 
B)  pay him to quit playing. 
C)  pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more. 
D)  pay him to play and then offer him less and less.

Question 20

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of how changing behaviour can alter attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)  integrated schools 
B)  prohibition 
C)  laws against vagrancy 
D)  capital punishment legislation 
A)  integrated schools 
B)  prohibition 
C)  laws against vagrancy 
D)  capital punishment legislation

Compare and contrast self-perception theory and dissonance theory.

According to Steele's self-affirmation theory, the need to justify dissonant acts is

According to the text, tobacco company executives are able to live with themselves despite the link between smoking and ill health by publicly

In dissonance experiments, the attitudes-follow-behaviour effect __ when participants _.

No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _______________ theory.

Milford has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he himself cheats on a chemistry quiz, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift?

A prevailing assumption that underlies most teaching, counselling, and child rearing has been that

Based on the findings of James Laird's research on self-perception, if you want to feel happier you should

Although dissonance theory successfully explains what happens when we act contrary to clearly defined attitudes, it does not explain

According to self-perception theory, there can be both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for behaviour. Discuss these motivations and compare how each is related to the attributions people make about their behaviours.

According to the text, which of the following is the practical lesson from research on the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminium cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue

According to the research by Burns Vaughan and John Lanzetta, you will feel more empathy for someone with whom you are interacting in person than for someone with whom you are interacting over the telephone because

A person's attitude will be reflected in that person's

Beth is torn between buying a Toyota Camry and a Honda Accord-two equally attractive options. After finally deciding on the Toyota, Beth will likely

One of the things demonstrated by the study by Zanna and Cooper was

Myra's neighbour, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of how changing behaviour can alter attitudes?

Introducing Social Psychology

The Self in a Social World

Social Beliefs and Judgments

Persuasion

Conformity

Group Influence

Altruism: Helping Others

Aggression: Hurting Others

Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Sources of Prejudice

Consequences of Prejudice

Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking

Social Psychology in the Clinic

Social Psychology in Court

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

Filters

Exam 4: Behaviour and Attitudes

Compare and contrast self-perception theory and dissonance theory.

According to Steele's self-affirmation theory, the need to justify dissonant acts is

According to the text, tobacco company executives are able to live with themselves despite the link between smoking and ill health by publicly

In dissonance experiments, the attitudes-follow-behaviour effect ____________ when participants ___________.

No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _______________ theory.

Milford has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he himself cheats on a chemistry quiz, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift?

A prevailing assumption that underlies most teaching, counselling, and child rearing has been that

Based on the findings of James Laird's research on self-perception, if you want to feel happier you should

Although dissonance theory successfully explains what happens when we act contrary to clearly defined attitudes, it does not explain

According to self-perception theory, there can be both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for behaviour. Discuss these motivations and compare how each is related to the attributions people make about their behaviours.

According to the text, which of the following is the practical lesson from research on the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminium cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue

According to the research by Burns Vaughan and John Lanzetta, you will feel more empathy for someone with whom you are interacting in person than for someone with whom you are interacting over the telephone because

A person's attitude will be reflected in that person's

Beth is torn between buying a Toyota Camry and a Honda Accord-two equally attractive options. After finally deciding on the Toyota, Beth will likely

One of the things demonstrated by the study by Zanna and Cooper was

Myra's neighbour, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of how changing behaviour can alter attitudes?

Introducing Social Psychology

The Self in a Social World

Social Beliefs and Judgments

Persuasion

Conformity

Group Influence

Altruism: Helping Others

Aggression: Hurting Others

Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Sources of Prejudice

Consequences of Prejudice

Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking

Social Psychology in the Clinic

Social Psychology in Court

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

Filters

In dissonance experiments, the attitudes-follow-behaviour effect __ when participants _.