Chat with AIExam 4: Mass Communication, Propaganda, and Persuasion
In general, how does the "social context"-the way things are presented and described-influence our social judgment and cognition? Discuss the significance of TWO of the following contextual factors:
a) contrast effects,
b) priming,
c) decision-framing,
d) the order in which information is presented. Describe how these factors influence social judgments in everyday life and provide research evidence to support your answer.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe social context, or the way things are presented and described, plays a significant role in influencing our social judgment and cognition. Two important contextual factors that have a significant impact on our social judgments are contrast effects and priming.
Contrast effects refer to the phenomenon where our perception of something is influenced by the presence of a contrasting stimulus. For example, if we are presented with two options, one of which is significantly better or worse than the other, our judgment of the options will be influenced by the contrast between them. Research has shown that contrast effects can influence our social judgments in everyday life. For example, in a study by Mussweiler, Ruter, and Epstude (2004), participants were more likely to rate a job candidate as more suitable for a position when they were presented with a less suitable candidate beforehand, demonstrating the influence of contrast effects on social judgments.
Priming is another important contextual factor that influences our social judgments. Priming refers to the phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus influences our subsequent thoughts and behaviors. For example, if we are primed with words related to aggression, we may be more likely to interpret ambiguous behavior as hostile. Research has shown that priming can influence our social judgments in everyday life. For example, in a study by Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996), participants who were primed with words related to the elderly subsequently walked more slowly, demonstrating the influence of priming on social behavior.
In conclusion, the social context, including factors such as contrast effects and priming, significantly influences our social judgments and cognition in everyday life. Understanding these contextual factors can help us better understand and navigate the complexities of social interactions.
Suppose Pat believes that President Clinton was a wonderful President and Mike believes he had gross deficiencies. Both are asked to assess the truth of these two statements: A. President Clinton has had many lurid affairs with a wide variety of women, including several members of his staff.
B.President Clinton, although admitting to an extramarital affair early in his life, has since that time remained a faithful husband.
Based on the attitude heuristic, we would predict that Pat would believe ________ to be true and Mike would believe ________ to be true.
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VerifiedB
Which type of thinking is illustrated when Mark described his friend's choice of girlfriend and major in terms of his friend's personal qualities and interests but explained his own choices based upon the qualities of the major and girlfriend?
(36) VerifiedD
The effects of category priming on social judgment are illustrated by the tendency:
(39) One of the most common ways of categorizing people is to divide the world up into two groups-the in-group (one's own group) and the out-group. This tendency leads to:
(33) In a study by Darley and Gross, in which subjects were exposed to different stories about a fourth grader named Hannah, the effects of stereotype on social judgment were apparent when:
(42) In an experiment by Kenrick and Gutierres, male college students were asked to evaluate a potential blind date before or after watching the television show Charlie's Angels (which features three glamorous actresses). Compared to subjects who rated the blind date before watching the show, those who gave their ratings after the show:
(38) Research by Loftus on eye-witness testimony has revealed that:
(31) Jill is in the market to buy a used car. She visits a car lot and tells the salesperson she is looking for something under $4,000. The salesperson first shows her a car that has very high mileage, a dented fender, and needs a new clutch. The asking price is $3,700. Shocked, Jill wonders, "Who on earth would pay that much for this piece of junk?" The salesperson then shows her a much nicer car- in fact, one that she thinks would suit her needs perfectly. Jill really needs to get a car as soon as possible, so she decides to buy it right then and there-even though it costs $4,800. Jill's decision has been influenced by:
(21) Suppose you see Mary do very poorly on a classroom test. From this you conclude that Mary is not only stupid, but also has few friends, a poor personality, a difficult family life, and a hard time in everything she does. You have committed an error called:
(37) In Storms' research on the actor-observer bias, participants observed two people interact. They found the actor made ___________ attributions while the observer made __________ attributions. However, when they watched a video of the same interaction from a different angle that reversed the perspectives so that the actor was now the observer, the ________.
(41) You and a friend are visiting a new city and would like to splurge and go out for a fine meal. You look at the restaurant listings in the newspaper and find one that is very expensive. Your friend says, "Let's go for it. With prices like that, we're bound to have an incredible dining experience." In making her decision, your friend most likely was guided by:
(36) In the "Barry Manilow" shirt study, Gilovich asked students to go to a party wearing embarrassing T-shirts. The participants estimated that 50% of the people would notice, but only 20% actually noticed. The results of this study support the idea that:
(38) According to Greenwald, a positive feature of cognitive conservatism is that:
(38) The general human tendency to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors when explaining the causes of social behavior is called:
(41) What is the "primacy effect" and how does it influence the impressions we form of other people? Describe one piece of research that demonstrates this phenomenon. What two explanations have social psychologists offered in an effort to account for the existence of this effect?
(35) Asch's study on the primacy effect on impression formation indicates that:
(29) Using what you know about the Charlie's Angels experiment by Kenrick and Gutierres, if you were a young woman and were about to go out with a male blind date, you should hope that he has just been watching a movie that starred:
(38) The idea of a bias blindspot, advocated by Pronin, suggests we:
(35) What did Paul Herr discover in his research on accessibility of hostility?
(36) 
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