Question 1

The fact that many advertising campaigns that use well-known sports figures are very effective suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  we are more influenced through the peripheral route than we believe. 
B)  we are more influenced through central route than we believe. 
C)  we are more or less influenced through the central route if a message is presented quickly. 
D)  the person provides an inadequate justification for liking the product. 
A)  we are more influenced through the peripheral route than we believe. 
B)  we are more influenced through central route than we believe. 
C)  we are more or less influenced through the central route if a message is presented quickly. 
D)  the person provides an inadequate justification for liking the product. A

Question 2

According to theorist Daniel Gilbert, we ignore threats such as global warming because:

Accepted Answer

A)  we would have to acknowledge that we are endangering ourselves. 
B)  we would have to change the behavior of others outside our own culture. 
C)  they are a future danger that does not directly target us. 
D)  specific actions have not been tied to the fear message. 
A)  we would have to acknowledge that we are endangering ourselves. 
B)  we would have to change the behavior of others outside our own culture. 
C)  they are a future danger that does not directly target us. 
D)  specific actions have not been tied to the fear message. C

Question 3

According to research presented in the text, people with high self-esteem are most likely to be persuaded by campaigns using:

Accepted Answer

A)  low fear. 
B)  moderate fear. 
C)  high fear. 
D)  all of these fears are equally effective. 
A)  low fear. 
B)  moderate fear. 
C)  high fear. 
D)  all of these fears are equally effective. C

Question 4

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

Accepted Answer

A)  a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive a one-sided argument as unfair or biased. 
B)  all audiences appreciate hearing both sides of a controversial issue. 
C)  an uninformed audience needs to hear both sides of the issue before forming an opinion. 
D)  a one-sided argument would probably be confusing to an uninformed audience. 
A)  a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive a one-sided argument as unfair or biased. 
B)  all audiences appreciate hearing both sides of a controversial issue. 
C)  an uninformed audience needs to hear both sides of the issue before forming an opinion. 
D)  a one-sided argument would probably be confusing to an uninformed audience.

Question 5

Elizabeth, a high-school student who smokes cigarettes, saw a film in her health class that depicted horrible scenes of people dying from lung cancer. After class, a friend asked her whether the film had convinced her to quit smoking. Elizabeth said no. However, a few days later, she realized she did want to quit and decided to sign up for a program to help her stop smoking. Based on research on persuasion, what might you conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  High-fear messages are based on the primacy effect. 
B)  Elizabeth was distracted while watching the film. 
C)  Elizabeth has low self-esteem. 
D)  Elizabeth was experiencing the self-fulfilling prophecy. 
A)  High-fear messages are based on the primacy effect. 
B)  Elizabeth was distracted while watching the film. 
C)  Elizabeth has low self-esteem. 
D)  Elizabeth was experiencing the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 6

Asch's experiment sought to determine the influence of majority opinion on individual opinion along two dimensions-the size of the majority and its degree of unanimity. Which of the following statements correctly describes what Asch found out about these two key variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual opinion was not influenced by the size of the majority, but it was influenced by having a partner who also went against the majority. 
B)  Individual opinion was influenced by the size of the majority, but it was not influenced by having a partner who also went against the majority. 
C)  Individual opinion was not influenced either by the size of the majority or by the presence of a partner who also dissented. 
D)  Individual opinion was influenced by both the size of the majority and the presence of a partner who also went against the majority. 
A)  Individual opinion was not influenced by the size of the majority, but it was influenced by having a partner who also went against the majority. 
B)  Individual opinion was influenced by the size of the majority, but it was not influenced by having a partner who also went against the majority. 
C)  Individual opinion was not influenced either by the size of the majority or by the presence of a partner who also dissented. 
D)  Individual opinion was influenced by both the size of the majority and the presence of a partner who also went against the majority.

Question 7

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a six-month period, approximately what percentage of local news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

Accepted Answer

A)  23 percent 
B)  53 percent 
C)  80 percent 
D)  98 percent 
A)  23 percent 
B)  53 percent 
C)  80 percent 
D)  98 percent

Question 8

Suppose you were running for office and were going to debate your opponent. If both of you were to present your arguments one right after the other and the election is still several days away, you should probably try to speak ________, in order to make use of the ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  second; recency 
B)  first; primacy 
C)  second; primacy 
D)  first; recency 
A)  second; recency 
B)  first; primacy 
C)  second; primacy 
D)  first; recency

Question 9

Give an example of an advertisement using a central route strategy and one using a peripheral route strategy. What is the major feature that distinguishes between these two approaches?

Accepted Answer

An example of an advertisement using a c

Question 10

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a six-month period, approximately what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

Accepted Answer

A)  23 percent 
B)  53 percent 
C)  80 percent 
D)  98 percent 
A)  23 percent 
B)  53 percent 
C)  80 percent 
D)  98 percent

Question 11

According to several studies of television crime dramas:

Accepted Answer

A)  television accurately portrays criminals as committing crimes because of psychopathology or insatiable greed, as happens in the real world. 
B)  television tends to ignore situational pressures which lead to criminal activity. 
C)  television police officers are portrayed as being about as effective as their real-world counterparts. 
D)  heavy viewers of such crime shows tend to be more lenient and to believe in the presumption of innocence for the defendant. 
A)  television accurately portrays criminals as committing crimes because of psychopathology or insatiable greed, as happens in the real world. 
B)  television tends to ignore situational pressures which lead to criminal activity. 
C)  television police officers are portrayed as being about as effective as their real-world counterparts. 
D)  heavy viewers of such crime shows tend to be more lenient and to believe in the presumption of innocence for the defendant.

Question 12

If you wanted to be sure that you had the opportunity to present your point of view first and hope that listeners would not pay attention to the speakers who followed you, you would be trying to use to your advantage the influence of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  recency effect. 
B)  inoculation effect. 
C)  rank order effect. 
D)  primacy effect. 
A)  recency effect. 
B)  inoculation effect. 
C)  rank order effect. 
D)  primacy effect.

Question 13

During the 1988 Presidential campaign Willie Horton was candidate George Bush's (the elder) most valuable player because:

Accepted Answer

A)  he contributed $2 million to his campaign even though it was illegally done. 
B)  he was Bush's top political campaign advisor. 
C)  Bush used Horton's crimes to criticize Dukakis's stance on crime. 
D)  Bush asked him to design central arguments against Dukakis's economic policy. 
A)  he contributed $2 million to his campaign even though it was illegally done. 
B)  he was Bush's top political campaign advisor. 
C)  Bush used Horton's crimes to criticize Dukakis's stance on crime. 
D)  Bush asked him to design central arguments against Dukakis's economic policy.

Question 14

Recent research suggests that many of the events covered on a news broadcast are selected based on their:

Accepted Answer

A)  inclusion of minorities. 
B)  appeal to women. 
C)  current relevance. 
D)  entertainment value. 
A)  inclusion of minorities. 
B)  appeal to women. 
C)  current relevance. 
D)  entertainment value.

Question 15

In your own words, define and discuss the difference between education and propaganda. Why is it often true that, in real life, these two phenomena are difficult to distinguish? Provide an example of how information designed to educate might also serve as a subtle form of propaganda.

Accepted Answer

Education and propaganda are two distinc

Question 16

Assume you favored U.S. military intervention in the Middle East but are asked as part of a class assignment to write an essay against such unilateral intervention. Explain how the mere act of writing the essay could change your attitude about U.S. military intervention. Then describe one research study from your textbook in which students experienced an attitude change after writing an essay that was counter to their initial attitude. Be sure to explain how the results of the research study are consistent with your explanation of the effectiveness of writing a counter-attitudinal essay in the hypothetical situation described above.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Accepted Answer

Writing an essay against U.S. military i

Question 17

A study by Aronson and Golden revealed that sixth-graders were more persuaded of the importance of arithmetic after listening to the pro-math arguments of a prizewinning engineer, as compared to a dishwasher. However, when the engineer giving the speech was a black man:

Accepted Answer

A)  all students found his arguments less persuasive than those of the white engineer. 
B)  all students found his arguments more persuasive than those of the white engineer. 
C)  most students devalued engineering as a profession. 
D)  only students who were highly prejudiced against blacks found his arguments less persuasive than those of the white engineer. 
A)  all students found his arguments less persuasive than those of the white engineer. 
B)  all students found his arguments more persuasive than those of the white engineer. 
C)  most students devalued engineering as a profession. 
D)  only students who were highly prejudiced against blacks found his arguments less persuasive than those of the white engineer.

Question 18

According to Aronson, under which of the following conditions of persuasive communication would people's attitudes typically change the least?

Accepted Answer

A)  when an expert argues an extreme position 
B)  when a nonexpert argues an extreme position 
C)  when an expert argues a moderate position 
D)  when a nonexpert argues a moderate position 
A)  when an expert argues an extreme position 
B)  when a nonexpert argues an extreme position 
C)  when an expert argues a moderate position 
D)  when a nonexpert argues a moderate position

Question 19

According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  hold exaggerated views about the prevalence of violence in society. 
B)  perceive women as having more interests than men. 
C)  hold less prejudiced attitudes toward women and racial minorities. 
D)  be more easily persuaded by attractive communicators. 
A)  hold exaggerated views about the prevalence of violence in society. 
B)  perceive women as having more interests than men. 
C)  hold less prejudiced attitudes toward women and racial minorities. 
D)  be more easily persuaded by attractive communicators.

Question 20

In his study of the effects of media coverage of teenage suicides, David Phillips found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  coverage of the confusion and grief surrounding the suicides produced a decrease in teen suicides following the coverage. 
B)  there was an increase in teen suicides following the coverage. 
C)  the suicide rate following the coverage remained surprisingly unchanged-pointing to the limited effects of media coverage of news events. 
D)  the suicide rate increased moderately at first, followed by a sharp decrease as mental health workers responded to the crisis. 
A)  coverage of the confusion and grief surrounding the suicides produced a decrease in teen suicides following the coverage. 
B)  there was an increase in teen suicides following the coverage. 
C)  the suicide rate following the coverage remained surprisingly unchanged-pointing to the limited effects of media coverage of news events. 
D)  the suicide rate increased moderately at first, followed by a sharp decrease as mental health workers responded to the crisis.

Exam 3: Conformity

The fact that many advertising campaigns that use well-known sports figures are very effective suggests that:

According to theorist Daniel Gilbert, we ignore threats such as global warming because:

According to research presented in the text, people with high self-esteem are most likely to be persuaded by campaigns using:

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

Asch's experiment sought to determine the influence of majority opinion on individual opinion along two dimensions-the size of the majority and its degree of unanimity. Which of the following statements correctly describes what Asch found out about these two key variables?

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a six-month period, approximately what percentage of local news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

Suppose you were running for office and were going to debate your opponent. If both of you were to present your arguments one right after the other and the election is still several days away, you should probably try to speak ________, in order to make use of the ________ effect.

Give an example of an advertisement using a central route strategy and one using a peripheral route strategy. What is the major feature that distinguishes between these two approaches?

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a six-month period, approximately what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

According to several studies of television crime dramas:

If you wanted to be sure that you had the opportunity to present your point of view first and hope that listeners would not pay attention to the speakers who followed you, you would be trying to use to your advantage the influence of the:

During the 1988 Presidential campaign Willie Horton was candidate George Bush's (the elder) most valuable player because:

Recent research suggests that many of the events covered on a news broadcast are selected based on their:

In your own words, define and discuss the difference between education and propaganda. Why is it often true that, in real life, these two phenomena are difficult to distinguish? Provide an example of how information designed to educate might also serve as a subtle form of propaganda.

A study by Aronson and Golden revealed that sixth-graders were more persuaded of the importance of arithmetic after listening to the pro-math arguments of a prizewinning engineer, as compared to a dishwasher. However, when the engineer giving the speech was a black man:

According to Aronson, under which of the following conditions of persuasive communication would people's attitudes typically change the least?

According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to:

In his study of the effects of media coverage of teenage suicides, David Phillips found that:

What Is Social Psychology

Social Cognition and Emotion

Mass Communication, Propaganda, and Persuasion

Self-Justification

Aggression

Prejudice

Liking, Loving, and Interpersonal Sensitivity

Social Psychology As a Science

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Filters

Suppose you were running for office and were going to debate your opponent. If both of you were to present your arguments one right after the other and the election is still several days away, you should probably try to speak , in order to make use of the effect.