Exam 23: Reproductive Systems

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The menstrual cycle is a natural process that occurs in the female reproductive system, typically lasting around 28 days. It involves a series of hormonal changes and physical events that prepare the body for potential pregnancy.

The menstrual cycle begins with the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries, each containing an egg. As the follicles grow, they produce estrogen, which causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for a fertilized egg.

As estrogen levels rise, they trigger a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), which causes the most mature follicle to release its egg in a process called ovulation. The egg then travels down the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm.

After ovulation, the empty follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone helps to maintain the thickened uterine lining and prepares the body for potential pregnancy.

If the egg is not fertilized, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, causing the uterine lining to shed in a process known as menstruation. This marks the beginning of a new menstrual cycle.

If the egg is fertilized, the developing embryo will produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and maintain the uterine lining to support the pregnancy.

Throughout the menstrual cycle, these hormones work together to regulate the growth and release of eggs, prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy, and maintain the reproductive system. Any disruptions in the hormonal balance can lead to irregular menstrual cycles or fertility issues.