Question 1

Which of the following is not true of complement?

Accepted Answer

A)  The complement cascade can be stimulated by antibodies. 
B)  Complement proteins bore holes in foreign cells. 
C)  Complement is only triggered by innate, nonspecific mechanisms. 
D)  All of the above are true of complement. 
A)  The complement cascade can be stimulated by antibodies. 
B)  Complement proteins bore holes in foreign cells. 
C)  Complement is only triggered by innate, nonspecific mechanisms. 
D)  All of the above are true of complement. C

Question 2

What is autoimmunity? Give an example of an autoimmune disease.

Accepted Answer

Autoimmunity is a condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly identifies its own cells, tissues, or organs as foreign and attacks them. Under normal circumstances, the immune system is able to distinguish between self and non-self, allowing it to target and eliminate invading pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful agents. However, in autoimmunity, this recognition system fails, leading to an inappropriate immune response against the body's own cells.

This misdirected immune response can cause a wide range of autoimmune diseases, each characterized by the specific type of tissue or organ that is targeted by the immune system. The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and other factors such as infections and hormonal changes.

An example of an autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system primarily attacks the synovium, which is the lining of the membranes that surround the joints. This results in inflammation that can lead to the destruction of cartilage and bone within the joint, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventually, loss of function. RA is a chronic and progressive disease that can also affect other tissues throughout the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and blood vessels.

Question 3

Explain how memory cells can confer lifelong immunity against a disease.

Accepted Answer

Memory cells are a crucial part of the immune system's ability to confer lifelong immunity against a disease. When the body is exposed to a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, the immune system mounts a response to eliminate the threat. During this initial response, specialized immune cells called B and T cells are activated to target and destroy the pathogen.

Once the infection is cleared, a small population of these B and T cells differentiate into memory cells. These memory cells are long-lived and remain in the body, ready to respond rapidly if the same pathogen is encountered again in the future. This rapid response is what confers lifelong immunity against the disease.

When the body is re-exposed to the same pathogen, the memory B and T cells quickly recognize it and mount a swift and robust immune response. This allows the immune system to eliminate the pathogen before it can cause significant harm, often preventing the individual from getting sick at all. Additionally, memory cells can also undergo a process called affinity maturation, which enhances their ability to recognize and respond to the specific pathogen.

Overall, memory cells play a critical role in providing long-lasting protection against diseases by enabling the immune system to remember and effectively combat pathogens it has previously encountered. This is the basis for the development of immunity after natural infection or vaccination, and it is a key mechanism for preventing recurrent infections throughout a person's lifetime.

Question 4

Explain the difference between graft-versus-host rejection and host-versus-graft rejection.

Accepted Answer

Graft-versus-host rejection (GVHR) and h

Question 5

In which organ do stem cells transform into T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bursa cells 
B)  The liver 
C)  The spleen 
D)  The thymus gland 
A)  The bursa cells 
B)  The liver 
C)  The spleen 
D)  The thymus gland

Question 6

The rejection of a transplanted organ is an example of a(n) _____ condition.

Accepted Answer

A)  autoimmune 
B)  isoimmune 
C)  T cell-mediated 
D)  B cell-mediated 
A)  autoimmune 
B)  isoimmune 
C)  T cell-mediated 
D)  B cell-mediated

Question 7

Once exposed to an antigen, B lymphocytes develop into antibody-producing cells called _________ cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma 
B)  memory 
C)  bursa 
D)  Kupffer 
A)  plasma 
B)  memory 
C)  bursa 
D)  Kupffer

Question 8

Explain the development and functioning of T cells.

Accepted Answer

T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, ar

Question 9

Match each disease or condition with its corresponding definition or description.
-An abnormal condition in which tissue exhibits swelling due to an accumulation of lymph

Accepted Answer

A) Autoimmunity 
B) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 
C) Lymphedema 
D) Isoimmunity 
E) Anaphylactic shock
F)Elephantiasis
G)Systemic lupus erythematosus
H)Urticaria
I)Contact dermatitis
J)Lymphangitis 
A) Autoimmunity 
B) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 
C) Lymphedema 
D) Isoimmunity 
E) Anaphylactic shock
F)Elephantiasis
G)Systemic lupus erythematosus
H)Urticaria
I)Contact dermatitis
J)Lymphangitis

Question 10

Which of the following is not true of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

A)  The lymph node filters the lymph to remove bacteria. 
B)  There are more afferent vessels bringing lymph into the node than efferent vessels carrying lymph away from the node. 
C)  There are more efferent vessels carrying lymph away from the node than afferent vessels bringing lymph to the node. 
D)  Lymph passes through spaces called sinuses. 
A)  The lymph node filters the lymph to remove bacteria. 
B)  There are more afferent vessels bringing lymph into the node than efferent vessels carrying lymph away from the node. 
C)  There are more efferent vessels carrying lymph away from the node than afferent vessels bringing lymph to the node. 
D)  Lymph passes through spaces called sinuses.

Question 11

Which of the following is not usually found in lymph?

Accepted Answer

A)  Excess fluid 
B)  Protein molecules 
C)  Platelets 
D)  All of the above are found in lymph. 
A)  Excess fluid 
B)  Protein molecules 
C)  Platelets 
D)  All of the above are found in lymph.

Question 12

Match each term with its corresponding definition or description.
-Part of the thoracic duct; serves as a storage area for lymph

Accepted Answer

A) Lacteals 
B) Hodgkin disease 
C) Thymus 
D) Right lymphatic duct 
E) Lymph node
F)Thoracic duct
G)Spleen
H)Lymphadenitis
I)Pharyngeal tonsil
J)Cisterna chyli 
A) Lacteals 
B) Hodgkin disease 
C) Thymus 
D) Right lymphatic duct 
E) Lymph node
F)Thoracic duct
G)Spleen
H)Lymphadenitis
I)Pharyngeal tonsil
J)Cisterna chyli

Question 13

Being protected from polio because of a polio vaccine is an example of artificial active immunity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Both the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct empty into arteries in the neck region.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

How is HIV spread?

Accepted Answer

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is pr

Question 16

Lymphedema is an abnormal swelling of tissue due to an accumulation of lymph.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A person cannot get Dutch elm disease because of an inherited immunity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

T cells mediate the contact dermatitis associated with exposure and reaction to poison ivy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Explain how lymph is formed and how it returns to the blood.

Accepted Answer

Lymph is formed from the fluid that leak

Question 20

Explain the functions of complement proteins in the immune system.

Accepted Answer

Complement proteins play a crucial role

Exam 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity

Which of the following is not true of complement?

What is autoimmunity? Give an example of an autoimmune disease.

Explain how memory cells can confer lifelong immunity against a disease.

Explain the difference between graft-versus-host rejection and host-versus-graft rejection.

In which organ do stem cells transform into T cells?

The rejection of a transplanted organ is an example of a(n) _____ condition.

Once exposed to an antigen, B lymphocytes develop into antibody-producing cells called _________ cells.

Explain the development and functioning of T cells.

Match each disease or condition with its corresponding definition or description. -An abnormal condition in which tissue exhibits swelling due to an accumulation of lymph

Which of the following is not true of lymph nodes?

Which of the following is not usually found in lymph?

Match each term with its corresponding definition or description. -Part of the thoracic duct; serves as a storage area for lymph

Being protected from polio because of a polio vaccine is an example of artificial active immunity.

Both the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct empty into arteries in the neck region.

How is HIV spread?

Lymphedema is an abnormal swelling of tissue due to an accumulation of lymph.

A person cannot get Dutch elm disease because of an inherited immunity.

T cells mediate the contact dermatitis associated with exposure and reaction to poison ivy.

Explain how lymph is formed and how it returns to the blood.

Explain the functions of complement proteins in the immune system.

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