Exam 6: Learning

According to Thorndike's __________ , behaviour that is followed by rewards should become 'stamped in' and will increase in the future.

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

What conditioning technique would be best if you wanted to make your roommate enjoy your favourite music more? Be specific and describe the steps, using appropriate terminology.

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the

In a famous study about fear conditioning, Dr. Watson offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind the baby's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

The phenomenon of __________ suggests that conditioning is more than an automatic, mindless process, and that our interpretation of a situation affects conditioning.

If Sam is afraid of spiders, it is likely that his fear of spiders is maintained by __________ reinforcement when he avoids spiders to reduce his fear.

The "O" in S-O-R psychology stands for

If a white rat is conditioned to produce fear in a child and soon all white furry animals are feared by the child, stimulus __________ is said to occur.

Alan loves both doughnuts and sex and always eats a doughnut immediately before having sex. After a time of engaging in frequent doughnut-sexual activity pairings, Alan finds that he becomes sexually aroused at the mere sight of a doughnut. Alan's responses can be explained by

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward. After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as __________ reinforcers.

In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is the cute white rat?

Watson and his colleagues conditioned a fear of white rats in a young child named Little Albert, by pairing a rat with a frightening noise. What could Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear of the white rat?

A behaviour is negatively reinforced when the consequence involves removing something __________ and positively reinforced when the consequence involves presenting something __________.

The learning phase when the CS becomes associated with the UCS is known as __________ and can happen fast or slow.

Some stimuli elicit responses from us very naturally. Other stimuli are neutral and don't elicit any meaningful responses. If we learn to respond to a neutral stimulus because it has been paired with a meaningful stimulus, which type of conditioning is that?

Bandura's Bobo-doll studies demonstrated that __________ learning can lead to increased aggression in children.

Benny is three years old and he is very afraid of traffic. One time when he was waiting with his Dad to cross the street, a car drove through the red light, honking the horn very close to Benny. Benny started crying. Ever since then, Benny is very nervous at crosswalks and holds onto his parents' hands very tightly. Identify the CS, UCS, UCR and CR for this example of classical conditioning.

Which of the following helps to explain the maintenance of problem behaviours, like staying in an abusive relationship?