Question 1

Our cognitive systems constrain our ability to solve problems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Talia needs to solve a complex engineering problem. She employs a predetermined strategy to find a single correct solution. This is an example of a(n) ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  heuristic 
B)  algorithm 
C)  recipe 
D)  mental set 
A)  heuristic 
B)  algorithm 
C)  recipe 
D)  mental set B

Question 3

Ava recently lost her job and needs to find a new one. She decides to use the same strategies that landed her the job she just lost. What kind of approach does this decision best represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gestalt approach 
B)  algorithm approach 
C)  trial-and-error approach 
D)  associationist approach 
A)  Gestalt approach 
B)  algorithm approach 
C)  trial-and-error approach 
D)  associationist approach D

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of an ill-defined problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  unlocking your front door 
B)  dressing to impress 
C)  buttoning a shirt 
D)  turning on a computer 
A)  unlocking your front door 
B)  dressing to impress 
C)  buttoning a shirt 
D)  turning on a computer

Question 5

In studies of the eye movements of expert and novice gymnastic coaches viewing gymnastics routines, expert coaches had ______ fixations on regions critical to the performance and ______ fixations on non-relevant areas

Accepted Answer

A)  shorter; more, longer 
B)  longer; fewer, shorter 
C)  longer; fewer but even longer 
D)  shorter; fewer but longer 
A)  shorter; more, longer 
B)  longer; fewer, shorter 
C)  longer; fewer but even longer 
D)  shorter; fewer but longer

Question 6

Which of the following are explanations for differences in problem solving between experts and novices?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experts have longer fixations on critical aspects of the problem they are trying to solve. 
B)  Experts mentally group aspects of problems together differently. 
C)  Experts are smarter than novices. 
D)  Experts use more trial-and-error techniques. 
A)  Experts have longer fixations on critical aspects of the problem they are trying to solve. 
B)  Experts mentally group aspects of problems together differently. 
C)  Experts are smarter than novices. 
D)  Experts use more trial-and-error techniques.

Question 7

______ is the process of developing a solution designed to change the state of affairs from the current state to the goal state.

Accepted Answer

A)  Error monitoring 
B)  Problem solving 
C)  Searching 
D)  Cognitive tracing 
A)  Error monitoring 
B)  Problem solving 
C)  Searching 
D)  Cognitive tracing

Question 8

What brain area seems to play a large role in problem-solving?

Accepted Answer

A)  temporal lobe 
B)  frontal lobe 
C)  parietal lobe 
D)  occipital lobe 
A)  temporal lobe 
B)  frontal lobe 
C)  parietal lobe 
D)  occipital lobe

Question 9

Define functional fixedness, and provide three examples.

Accepted Answer

Student examples will vary. A sample ans

Question 10

Novices in a field mentally group aspects of problems together differently from experts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

IDEAL framework stands for______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Identify, Define, Explore, Anticipate, Look back 
B)  Identify, Distinguish, Explore, Anticipate, Look back 
C)  Identify, Define, Explore, Associate, Look back 
D)  Identify, Define, Explore, Anticipate, Label 
A)  Identify, Define, Explore, Anticipate, Look back 
B)  Identify, Distinguish, Explore, Anticipate, Look back 
C)  Identify, Define, Explore, Associate, Look back 
D)  Identify, Define, Explore, Anticipate, Label

Question 12

______ is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas ______ is using the same solution for two different problems with the same underlying structure.

Accepted Answer

A)  A mental set; analogical transfer 
B)  Functional fixedness; mental set 
C)  A mental set; functional fixedness 
D)  Analogical transfer; a mental set 
A)  A mental set; analogical transfer 
B)  Functional fixedness; mental set 
C)  A mental set; functional fixedness 
D)  Analogical transfer; a mental set

Question 13

Trial-and-error approaches are successful when there are ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  many variations on a few basic solutions 
B)  several risky and improbable solutions 
C)  relatively few possible solutions 
D)  many conflicting solutions 
A)  many variations on a few basic solutions 
B)  several risky and improbable solutions 
C)  relatively few possible solutions 
D)  many conflicting solutions

Question 14

The knowledge needed for addressing a problem includes mentally representing the ______ and ______ states, the rules or constraints, and the allowable operations to solve the problem.

Accepted Answer

A)  current; goal 
B)  future; goal 
C)  past; current 
D)  past; future 
A)  current; goal 
B)  future; goal 
C)  past; current 
D)  past; future

Question 15

Solving a crossword puzzle is an example of an ill-defined problem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

How we mentally represent a problem ______ finding the solution.

Accepted Answer

A)  usually helps with 
B)  usually hinders 
C)  can both help and hinder 
D)  has little effect on 
A)  usually helps with 
B)  usually hinders 
C)  can both help and hinder 
D)  has little effect on

Question 17

Early theories of problem solving focused primarily on ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  functional fixedness 
B)  introspection 
C)  trial and error 
D)  systematic strategies 
A)  functional fixedness 
B)  introspection 
C)  trial and error 
D)  systematic strategies

Question 18

Research indicates there are neuropsychological differences between well- and ill-defined problems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Ill-defined problems are those that lack a clearly defined goal state and constraints.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Getting dressed is an example of a well-defined problem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Our cognitive systems constrain our ability to solve problems.

Talia needs to solve a complex engineering problem. She employs a predetermined strategy to find a single correct solution. This is an example of a(n) ______.

Ava recently lost her job and needs to find a new one. She decides to use the same strategies that landed her the job she just lost. What kind of approach does this decision best represent?

Which of the following is the best example of an ill-defined problem?

In studies of the eye movements of expert and novice gymnastic coaches viewing gymnastics routines, expert coaches had fixations on regions critical to the performance and fixations on non-relevant areas

Which of the following are explanations for differences in problem solving between experts and novices?

______ is the process of developing a solution designed to change the state of affairs from the current state to the goal state.

What brain area seems to play a large role in problem-solving?

Define functional fixedness, and provide three examples.

Novices in a field mentally group aspects of problems together differently from experts.

IDEAL framework stands for______.

is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas is using the same solution for two different problems with the same underlying structure.

Trial-and-error approaches are successful when there are ______.

The knowledge needed for addressing a problem includes mentally representing the and states, the rules or constraints, and the allowable operations to solve the problem.

Solving a crossword puzzle is an example of an ill-defined problem.

How we mentally represent a problem ______ finding the solution.

Early theories of problem solving focused primarily on ______.

Research indicates there are neuropsychological differences between well- and ill-defined problems.

Ill-defined problems are those that lack a clearly defined goal state and constraints.

Getting dressed is an example of a well-defined problem.

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Memory Structures and Processes

Long-Term Memory: Influences on Retrieval

Memory Errors

Imagery

Language

Concepts and Knowledge

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 11: Problem Solving

Our cognitive systems constrain our ability to solve problems.

Talia needs to solve a complex engineering problem. She employs a predetermined strategy to find a single correct solution. This is an example of a(n) ______.

Ava recently lost her job and needs to find a new one. She decides to use the same strategies that landed her the job she just lost. What kind of approach does this decision best represent?

Which of the following is the best example of an ill-defined problem?

In studies of the eye movements of expert and novice gymnastic coaches viewing gymnastics routines, expert coaches had ______ fixations on regions critical to the performance and ______ fixations on non-relevant areas

Which of the following are explanations for differences in problem solving between experts and novices?

______ is the process of developing a solution designed to change the state of affairs from the current state to the goal state.

What brain area seems to play a large role in problem-solving?

Define functional fixedness, and provide three examples.

Novices in a field mentally group aspects of problems together differently from experts.

IDEAL framework stands for______.

______ is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas ______ is using the same solution for two different problems with the same underlying structure.

Trial-and-error approaches are successful when there are ______.

The knowledge needed for addressing a problem includes mentally representing the ______ and ______ states, the rules or constraints, and the allowable operations to solve the problem.

Solving a crossword puzzle is an example of an ill-defined problem.

How we mentally represent a problem ______ finding the solution.

Early theories of problem solving focused primarily on ______.

Research indicates there are neuropsychological differences between well- and ill-defined problems.

Ill-defined problems are those that lack a clearly defined goal state and constraints.

Getting dressed is an example of a well-defined problem.

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Memory Structures and Processes

Long-Term Memory: Influences on Retrieval

Memory Errors

Imagery

Language

Concepts and Knowledge

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

In studies of the eye movements of expert and novice gymnastic coaches viewing gymnastics routines, expert coaches had fixations on regions critical to the performance and fixations on non-relevant areas

is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas is using the same solution for two different problems with the same underlying structure.

The knowledge needed for addressing a problem includes mentally representing the and states, the rules or constraints, and the allowable operations to solve the problem.