Chat with AIExam 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment
One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _________.
(34) 
VerifiedA
When aversive events occur independently of behavior they are called _______ .
(31) Verifiednon-contingent
What is the fundamental difference between the two-process and one-process theories of punishment?
(35) 
Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe fundamental difference between the two-process and one-process theories of punishment lies in the mechanisms they propose for how punishment influences behavior.
One-process theories of punishment are based on the principle of operant conditioning, where behaviors are modified by their consequences. In this view, punishment is seen as a single process where the introduction of an unpleasant stimulus (the punishment) directly decreases the likelihood of the punished behavior occurring again. This decrease in behavior is due to the punishment acting as a negative reinforcer, which means that the behavior is weakened by the immediate consequence of experiencing something unpleasant. B.F. Skinner, a prominent psychologist in the field of behaviorism, was a strong proponent of the one-process theory.
Two-process theories of punishment, on the other hand, incorporate both operant conditioning and classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. According to two-process theories, punishment involves two distinct processes. The first process is similar to the one-process theory, where the behavior is followed by a punishing stimulus that serves to weaken the behavior. The second process involves classical conditioning, where the context or cues associated with the punishment become conditioned stimuli. Over time, these stimuli elicit conditioned emotional responses (such as fear or anxiety) that are associated with the punishment. These emotional responses can then influence behavior indirectly by making the individual more sensitive to the consequences of their actions and potentially leading to avoidance of the behavior that was punished. This theory suggests that both the direct application of punishment and the emotional and anticipatory aspects play a role in how punishment modifies behavior.
In summary, the one-process theory focuses on the direct application of an aversive consequence to reduce a behavior, while the two-process theory includes both the direct effects of punishment and the associative learning that occurs with the cues surrounding the punishment. The two-process theory is considered more comprehensive as it accounts for the complex interplay between the environment, emotional responses, and learning in shaping behavior.
Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such
Mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that ______.
(30) You have a ten-year-old child who mistreats the family dog. Describe two ways of dealing with this problem without using punishment.
(30) Positive and negative punishment have in common that they both ________ the frequency of
behavior.
(41) When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.
(29) Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is ________.
(36) When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to ______.
(28) The one process in the one-process theory of punishment is ________.
(26) How is the effectiveness of punishment affected by the availability of reinforcement?
(28) Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem.
Gable's approach is best described as an example of _______.
(33) In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as
needed.
(33) Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.
(30) If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that _______.
(44) David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in _______.
(34) One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining
reinforcement.
(29) 
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