Question 1

As peoples' incomes ________, they are more likely to agree to sacrifice for a/an ________ environmental quality.

Accepted Answer

A) increase; improvement 
B) decrease; improvement 
C) increase; decrease 
D) none of the above 
A) increase; improvement 
B) decrease; improvement 
C) increase; decrease 
D) none of the above A

Question 2

People in developing countries, especially those with very low incomes, discount the future _________.

Accepted Answer

A) at an arbitrary rate 
B) at a very low rate 
C) at a high rate 
D) none of the above 
A) at an arbitrary rate 
B) at a very low rate 
C) at a high rate 
D) none of the above C

Question 3

When a positive discount factor is used, the discounted value of long-run environmental damage contributes to ________.

Accepted Answer

A) inaccurate valuation of the future 
B) lost productivity 
C) maintaining intergenerational equity 
D) differences in intergenerational equity 
A) inaccurate valuation of the future 
B) lost productivity 
C) maintaining intergenerational equity 
D) differences in intergenerational equity D

Question 4

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs are

Accepted Answer

A) incentive programs that offer monetary payments to people who engage in environmental conservation activities. 
B) command and control policies that pay participants for participation in reduction programs. 
C) emissions tax programs that charge people for specific types of emissions. 
D) technology standards programs that offer subsidies to people who buy specific technology that reduces their emissions. 
A) incentive programs that offer monetary payments to people who engage in environmental conservation activities. 
B) command and control policies that pay participants for participation in reduction programs. 
C) emissions tax programs that charge people for specific types of emissions. 
D) technology standards programs that offer subsidies to people who buy specific technology that reduces their emissions.

Question 5

Economic growth is measured by

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in the aggregate level of output. 
B) an increase in per capita output. 
C) a set of technological, institutional and social transformations. 
D) All of the above 
A) an increase in the aggregate level of output. 
B) an increase in per capita output. 
C) a set of technological, institutional and social transformations. 
D) All of the above

Question 6

The lack of management of common-property externalities is often a property rights problem caused by the lack of __________ that assigns individual or small-group property rights.

Accepted Answer

A) an institution 
B) tax law 
C) a market 
D) political pressure 
A) an institution 
B) tax law 
C) a market 
D) political pressure

Question 7

In environmental policy, the term technology transfer refers to

Accepted Answer

A) the marketing of environmental technology from private companies to public entities. 
B) the technology and carbon intensity differential between trading countries. 
C) the transfer of revenue gained from technology transfers from private to public citizens 
D) the transfer of skills and technology from developed to developing countries that allows for economic development with lower environmental impacts. 
A) the marketing of environmental technology from private companies to public entities. 
B) the technology and carbon intensity differential between trading countries. 
C) the transfer of revenue gained from technology transfers from private to public citizens 
D) the transfer of skills and technology from developed to developing countries that allows for economic development with lower environmental impacts.

Question 8

Because less developed countries often have more of their population involved in agriculture, improvements in environmental quality can improve land productivity and the environment and the economy can be seen as

Accepted Answer

A) primary industries. 
B) decoupled. 
C) substitutes. 
D) compliments. 
A) primary industries. 
B) decoupled. 
C) substitutes. 
D) compliments.

Question 9

Open access resources promote a __________ situation.

Accepted Answer

A) pay as you use 
B) pay when you can 
C) use-it-or-lose-it 
D) tax and trade 
A) pay as you use 
B) pay when you can 
C) use-it-or-lose-it 
D) tax and trade

Question 10

Developing countries are mainly concerned with water and air pollution in their own countries.In particular, one of the pressing concerns is

Accepted Answer

A) water supplies that are responsible for death and disease. 
B) river waters that have become contaminated with heavy metals and toxic chemicals. 
C) seepages from industrial sites and waste dumps that threaten ground water. 
D) All of the above 
A) water supplies that are responsible for death and disease. 
B) river waters that have become contaminated with heavy metals and toxic chemicals. 
C) seepages from industrial sites and waste dumps that threaten ground water. 
D) All of the above

Question 11

Because developing countries typically have lower GDPs per capita than developed countries, it becomes especially important for their environmental policies to be cost-effective.This statement would support

Accepted Answer

A) emissions standards. 
B) technology based emission standards. 
C) command and control policies. 
D) incentive based policies. 
A) emissions standards. 
B) technology based emission standards. 
C) command and control policies. 
D) incentive based policies.

Question 12

When developing environmental policy for developing economies, there is a critical need to

Accepted Answer

A) restrict energy use to renewable sources. 
B) understand the benefits and costs of alternative policies. 
C) consult the World Health organization about the health effects of pollution. 
D) maximize development initially because citizens will value environmental assets more once their income has increased. 
A) restrict energy use to renewable sources. 
B) understand the benefits and costs of alternative policies. 
C) consult the World Health organization about the health effects of pollution. 
D) maximize development initially because citizens will value environmental assets more once their income has increased.

Question 13

Increasing incomes are almost always associated with

Accepted Answer

A) lower municipal waste. 
B) lowered fertility rates. 
C) carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita. 
D) decreased access to safe water. 
A) lower municipal waste. 
B) lowered fertility rates. 
C) carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita. 
D) decreased access to safe water.

Question 14

A good example of a type of policy that creates distortions in local economies is government subsidies for pesticide use by farmers.The distortion effects include

Accepted Answer

A) heavy pesticide exposure for farm workers. 
B) overuse of agricultural chemicals by farmers. 
C) rapid development of immunity by targeted pests. 
D) all of the above 
A) heavy pesticide exposure for farm workers. 
B) overuse of agricultural chemicals by farmers. 
C) rapid development of immunity by targeted pests. 
D) all of the above

Question 15

Sustainabile practices focus on keeping ___________ capital productive

Accepted Answer

A) human 
B) physical 
C) institutional 
D) all of the above 
A) human 
B) physical 
C) institutional 
D) all of the above

Question 16

Some of the most egregious cases of environmental damage in developing countries are projects that had direct involvement from

Accepted Answer

A) the United States. 
B) the World Health Organization. 
C) the North American Free Trade Agreement 
D) international aid organizations. 
A) the United States. 
B) the World Health Organization. 
C) the North American Free Trade Agreement 
D) international aid organizations.

Question 17

For many environmental problems, the situation of population exposure is likely

Accepted Answer

A) dependent upon technology choices that are adopted within a country. 
B) dependent upon the preferences of the citizens residing in the country. 
C) to decrease with economic development. 
D) all of the above 
A) dependent upon technology choices that are adopted within a country. 
B) dependent upon the preferences of the citizens residing in the country. 
C) to decrease with economic development. 
D) all of the above

Question 18

Sustainability is defined as a practice that

Accepted Answer

A) shifts the PPC to the left. 
B) relies on nonrenewable resources. 
C) does not reduce the long-run productivity of a country's natural resource assets on which income and development depend. 
D) all of the above. 
A) shifts the PPC to the left. 
B) relies on nonrenewable resources. 
C) does not reduce the long-run productivity of a country's natural resource assets on which income and development depend. 
D) all of the above.

Question 19

One of the issues of measuring benefits in developing countries is that the willingness to pay requires

Accepted Answer

A) the use of an estimated discount rate. 
B) ability to pay. 
C) understanding peoples' tastes and preferences 
D) none of the above 
A) the use of an estimated discount rate. 
B) ability to pay. 
C) understanding peoples' tastes and preferences 
D) none of the above

Question 20

In the face of extensive poverty, willingness to pay measures may be _______.

Accepted Answer

A) small 
B) large 
C) immeasurable 
D) infinite 
A) small 
B) large 
C) immeasurable 
D) infinite

As peoples' incomes , they are more likely to agree to sacrifice for a/an environmental quality.

People in developing countries, especially those with very low incomes, discount the future _________.

When a positive discount factor is used, the discounted value of long-run environmental damage contributes to ________.

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs are

Economic growth is measured by

The lack of management of common-property externalities is often a property rights problem caused by the lack of __________ that assigns individual or small-group property rights.

In environmental policy, the term technology transfer refers to

Because less developed countries often have more of their population involved in agriculture, improvements in environmental quality can improve land productivity and the environment and the economy can be seen as

Open access resources promote a __________ situation.

Developing countries are mainly concerned with water and air pollution in their own countries.In particular, one of the pressing concerns is

Because developing countries typically have lower GDPs per capita than developed countries, it becomes especially important for their environmental policies to be cost-effective.This statement would support

When developing environmental policy for developing economies, there is a critical need to

Increasing incomes are almost always associated with

A good example of a type of policy that creates distortions in local economies is government subsidies for pesticide use by farmers.The distortion effects include

Sustainabile practices focus on keeping ___________ capital productive

Some of the most egregious cases of environmental damage in developing countries are projects that had direct involvement from

For many environmental problems, the situation of population exposure is likely

Sustainability is defined as a practice that

One of the issues of measuring benefits in developing countries is that the willingness to pay requires

In the face of extensive poverty, willingness to pay measures may be _______.

What Is Environmental Economics

The Economy and the Environment

Benefits and Costs, Supply and Demand

Economic Efficiency and Markets

The Economics of Environmental Quality

Framework of Analysis

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Benefits

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Costs

Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Policies

Decentralized Policies: Liability Laws, Property Rights, and Voluntary Action

Command-And-Control Strategies: the Case of Standards

Incentive-Based Strategies: Market Trading Systems

Federal Water Pollution-Control Policy

Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

State and Local Environmental Issues

The Global Environment

International Environmental Agreements

Globalization

Filters

Exam 21: Economic Development and the Environment

As peoples' incomes ________, they are more likely to agree to sacrifice for a/an ________ environmental quality.

People in developing countries, especially those with very low incomes, discount the future _________.

When a positive discount factor is used, the discounted value of long-run environmental damage contributes to ________.

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs are

Economic growth is measured by

The lack of management of common-property externalities is often a property rights problem caused by the lack of __________ that assigns individual or small-group property rights.

In environmental policy, the term technology transfer refers to

Because less developed countries often have more of their population involved in agriculture, improvements in environmental quality can improve land productivity and the environment and the economy can be seen as

Open access resources promote a __________ situation.

Developing countries are mainly concerned with water and air pollution in their own countries.In particular, one of the pressing concerns is

Because developing countries typically have lower GDPs per capita than developed countries, it becomes especially important for their environmental policies to be cost-effective.This statement would support

When developing environmental policy for developing economies, there is a critical need to

Increasing incomes are almost always associated with

A good example of a type of policy that creates distortions in local economies is government subsidies for pesticide use by farmers.The distortion effects include

Sustainabile practices focus on keeping ___________ capital productive

Some of the most egregious cases of environmental damage in developing countries are projects that had direct involvement from

For many environmental problems, the situation of population exposure is likely

Sustainability is defined as a practice that

One of the issues of measuring benefits in developing countries is that the willingness to pay requires

In the face of extensive poverty, willingness to pay measures may be _______.

What Is Environmental Economics

The Economy and the Environment

Benefits and Costs, Supply and Demand

Economic Efficiency and Markets

The Economics of Environmental Quality

Framework of Analysis

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Benefits

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Costs

Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Policies

Decentralized Policies: Liability Laws, Property Rights, and Voluntary Action

Command-And-Control Strategies: the Case of Standards

Incentive-Based Strategies: Market Trading Systems

Federal Water Pollution-Control Policy

Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

State and Local Environmental Issues

The Global Environment

International Environmental Agreements

Globalization

Filters

As peoples' incomes , they are more likely to agree to sacrifice for a/an environmental quality.