Question 1

Standards that take the form of never-exceed levels for specific pollutants in an ambient environment are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) emission standards 
B) ambient standards 
C) performance standards 
D) technology-based standards 
A) emission standards 
B) ambient standards 
C) performance standards 
D) technology-based standards B

Question 2

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC1 and an admissions standard of e2.What is the firm's cost of compliance for this level of emissions?

Accepted Answer

A) a 
B) (e+d+c) 
C) (a+b+c+d) 
D) (a+b) 
A) a 
B) (e+d+c) 
C) (a+b+c+d) 
D) (a+b) D

Question 3

Refer to the figure above.Suppose that MDu represents the damages associated with ambient levels of benzene in an urban area and MDr represents those same damages in a rural area.If the ambient emission standard is set at eu, the standard yields a (n) _________ level of pollution in urban areas but is unnecessarily ____________ for rural areas.

Accepted Answer

A) socially efficient; strict 
B) socially efficient; lenient 
C) inefficient; acceptable 
D) inefficient; compromised 
A) socially efficient; strict 
B) socially efficient; lenient 
C) inefficient; acceptable 
D) inefficient; compromised A

Question 4

Ambient quality of river water depends on

Accepted Answer

A) Emissions 
B) Hydrology 
C) Meteorology 
D) A and B 
A) Emissions 
B) Hydrology 
C) Meteorology 
D) A and B

Question 5

.
-The equimarginal principle states that in order to get the greatest reductions in _______emissions for a given _________ abatement cost, all firms should emit at a point that offers the same marginal abatement cost for each firm.

Accepted Answer

A) total; total 
B) marginal; marginal 
C) total; marginal 
D) marginal; total 
A) total; total 
B) marginal; marginal 
C) total; marginal 
D) marginal; total

Question 6

________ set standards that are unrealistic with today's technology in the hope that they will motivate the pollution-control industry to invent ways of meeting the standard at reasonable cost.

Accepted Answer

A) Technology-based standards 
B) Technology-forcing standards 
C) Strict emission standards 
D) Performance standards 
A) Technology-based standards 
B) Technology-forcing standards 
C) Strict emission standards 
D) Performance standards

Question 7

Emissions standards do not yield a particular ambient quality due to the interference of

Accepted Answer

A) hydrology 
B) meteorology 
C) human decisions 
D) all of the above 
A) hydrology 
B) meteorology 
C) human decisions 
D) all of the above

Question 8

A command and control approach to public policy uses _________ in order to bring about socially desirable behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) incentives 
B) mandates 
C) moral suasion 
D) education 
A) incentives 
B) mandates 
C) moral suasion 
D) education

Question 9

Emission standards are a type of ________ because they refer to end results that are meant to be achieved by the polluters being regulated.

Accepted Answer

A) technology standard 
B) ambient quality standard 
C) performance standard 
D) compliance cost 
A) technology standard 
B) ambient quality standard 
C) performance standard 
D) compliance cost

Question 10

If an emission standard is set to the left of the socially efficient point of emissions, the result will be a socially inefficient level of pollution and _________ will be greater than __________.

Accepted Answer

A) total damages; total abatement costs 
B) total abatement costs; total damages 
C) marginal damages; marginal abatement costs 
D) marginal abatement costs; marginal damages 
A) total damages; total abatement costs 
B) total abatement costs; total damages 
C) marginal damages; marginal abatement costs 
D) marginal abatement costs; marginal damages

Question 11

A(n) ________________ sets a constraint on some performance criterion and allows the polluter to choose how to meet that criterion while a(n) _________________ dictates either decisions or techniques to be used by the polluter

Accepted Answer

A) emission standard; technology standard 
B) technology standard; emission standard 
C) public regulatory authority; emission standard 
D) emission standard; public regulatory authority 
A) emission standard; technology standard 
B) technology standard; emission standard 
C) public regulatory authority; emission standard 
D) emission standard; public regulatory authority

Question 12

One of the problems with command and control standards is that there is __________ incentive to do better than the standard, even though the costs of further emission reductions may be modest.

Accepted Answer

A) great 
B) no 
C) limited 
D) perverse 
A) great 
B) no 
C) limited 
D) perverse

Question 13

Emission standards specify the technologies, techniques, or practices that???????___________.

Accepted Answer

A) are the best practices 
B) ensure that there is no health risk to the population 
C) achieve the best pollution results with the least possible costs 
D) potential polluters must adopt 
A) are the best practices 
B) ensure that there is no health risk to the population 
C) achieve the best pollution results with the least possible costs 
D) potential polluters must adopt

Question 14

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a(n) ________ will not be socially efficient but ________ that set the MAC curve equal to each MDC curve are socially efficient.

Accepted Answer

A) uniform standard; individual standards 
B) ambient standard; uniform standards 
C) individual standard; uniform standards 
D) technology-based standard; uniform standards 
A) uniform standard; individual standards 
B) ambient standard; uniform standards 
C) individual standard; uniform standards 
D) technology-based standard; uniform standards

Question 15

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a uniform standard

Accepted Answer

A) a uniform standard yields a socially efficient level of pollution 
B) individual standards that equate the MAC to each MDC yield a socially efficient level of pollution 
C) there is no current regulation approach that will yield a socially efficient level of pollution 
D) technology standards yield a social efficient level of pollution 
A) a uniform standard yields a socially efficient level of pollution 
B) individual standards that equate the MAC to each MDC yield a socially efficient level of pollution 
C) there is no current regulation approach that will yield a socially efficient level of pollution 
D) technology standards yield a social efficient level of pollution

Question 16

Ambient standards cannot be enforced ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) consistently 
B) efficiently 
C) directly 
D) indirectly 
A) consistently 
B) efficiently 
C) directly 
D) indirectly

Question 17

The socially efficient equilibrium emission standard sets the maximum rate of emissions equal to the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) the level of abatement that equates MAC and MDC 
B) level of emissions that maximizes total abatement cost 
C) the level of emissions that minimizes total abatement cost 
D) the level of emissions that equates MAC and MDC 
A) the level of abatement that equates MAC and MDC 
B) level of emissions that maximizes total abatement cost 
C) the level of emissions that minimizes total abatement cost 
D) the level of emissions that equates MAC and MDC

Question 18

Technology standards require the adoption of _______________.

Accepted Answer

A) technology 
B) techniques 
C) practices 
D) all of the above 
A) technology 
B) techniques 
C) practices 
D) all of the above

Question 19

Smoke stack scrubbers are a requirement on many coal burning, electricity-generating plants.Smoke stack scrubbers are an example of ________________.

Accepted Answer

A) a technology forcing standard 
B) an emissions standard 
C) a technology-based standard 
D) an ambient standard 
A) a technology forcing standard 
B) an emissions standard 
C) a technology-based standard 
D) an ambient standard

Question 20

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC1 and an admissions standard of e2.What is the firm's incentive to engage in R&D so that abatement costs are reduced to MAC2?

Accepted Answer

A) a 
B) (e+d+c) 
C) (a+b+c+d) 
D) (a+b) 
A) a 
B) (e+d+c) 
C) (a+b+c+d) 
D) (a+b)

Standards that take the form of never-exceed levels for specific pollutants in an ambient environment are known as ________.

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC₁ and an admissions standard of e₂.What is the firm's cost of compliance for this level of emissions?

Ambient quality of river water depends on

. -The equimarginal principle states that in order to get the greatest reductions in _emissions for a given ___ abatement cost, all firms should emit at a point that offers the same marginal abatement cost for each firm.

________ set standards that are unrealistic with today's technology in the hope that they will motivate the pollution-control industry to invent ways of meeting the standard at reasonable cost.

Emissions standards do not yield a particular ambient quality due to the interference of

A command and control approach to public policy uses _________ in order to bring about socially desirable behavior.

Emission standards are a type of ________ because they refer to end results that are meant to be achieved by the polluters being regulated.

If an emission standard is set to the left of the socially efficient point of emissions, the result will be a socially inefficient level of pollution and _ will be greater than __.

A(n) sets a constraint on some performance criterion and allows the polluter to choose how to meet that criterion while a(n) _ dictates either decisions or techniques to be used by the polluter

One of the problems with command and control standards is that there is __________ incentive to do better than the standard, even though the costs of further emission reductions may be modest.

Emission standards specify the technologies, techniques, or practices that???????___________.

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a(n) will not be socially efficient but that set the MAC curve equal to each MDC curve are socially efficient.

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a uniform standard

Ambient standards cannot be enforced ___________.

The socially efficient equilibrium emission standard sets the maximum rate of emissions equal to the ________.

Technology standards require the adoption of _______________.

Smoke stack scrubbers are a requirement on many coal burning, electricity-generating plants.Smoke stack scrubbers are an example of ________________.

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC₁ and an admissions standard of e₂.What is the firm's incentive to engage in R&D so that abatement costs are reduced to MAC₂?

What Is Environmental Economics

The Economy and the Environment

Benefits and Costs, Supply and Demand

Economic Efficiency and Markets

The Economics of Environmental Quality

Framework of Analysis

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Benefits

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Costs

Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Policies

Decentralized Policies: Liability Laws, Property Rights, and Voluntary Action

Incentive-Based Strategies: Market Trading Systems

Federal Water Pollution-Control Policy

Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

State and Local Environmental Issues

The Global Environment

International Environmental Agreements

Globalization

Economic Development and the Environment

Filters

Exam 11: Command-And-Control Strategies: the Case of Standards

Standards that take the form of never-exceed levels for specific pollutants in an ambient environment are known as ________.

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC1 and an admissions standard of e2.What is the firm's cost of compliance for this level of emissions?

Ambient quality of river water depends on

. -The equimarginal principle states that in order to get the greatest reductions in _______emissions for a given _________ abatement cost, all firms should emit at a point that offers the same marginal abatement cost for each firm.

________ set standards that are unrealistic with today's technology in the hope that they will motivate the pollution-control industry to invent ways of meeting the standard at reasonable cost.

Emissions standards do not yield a particular ambient quality due to the interference of

A command and control approach to public policy uses _________ in order to bring about socially desirable behavior.

Emission standards are a type of ________ because they refer to end results that are meant to be achieved by the polluters being regulated.

If an emission standard is set to the left of the socially efficient point of emissions, the result will be a socially inefficient level of pollution and _________ will be greater than __________.

A(n) ________________ sets a constraint on some performance criterion and allows the polluter to choose how to meet that criterion while a(n) _________________ dictates either decisions or techniques to be used by the polluter

One of the problems with command and control standards is that there is __________ incentive to do better than the standard, even though the costs of further emission reductions may be modest.

Emission standards specify the technologies, techniques, or practices that???????___________.

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a(n) ________ will not be socially efficient but ________ that set the MAC curve equal to each MDC curve are socially efficient.

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a uniform standard

Ambient standards cannot be enforced ___________.

The socially efficient equilibrium emission standard sets the maximum rate of emissions equal to the ________.

Technology standards require the adoption of _______________.

Smoke stack scrubbers are a requirement on many coal burning, electricity-generating plants.Smoke stack scrubbers are an example of ________________.

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC1 and an admissions standard of e2.What is the firm's incentive to engage in R&D so that abatement costs are reduced to MAC2?

What Is Environmental Economics

The Economy and the Environment

Benefits and Costs, Supply and Demand

Economic Efficiency and Markets

The Economics of Environmental Quality

Framework of Analysis

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Benefits

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Costs

Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Policies

Decentralized Policies: Liability Laws, Property Rights, and Voluntary Action

Incentive-Based Strategies: Market Trading Systems

Federal Water Pollution-Control Policy

Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

State and Local Environmental Issues

The Global Environment

International Environmental Agreements

Globalization

Economic Development and the Environment

Filters

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC₁ and an admissions standard of e₂.What is the firm's cost of compliance for this level of emissions?

. -The equimarginal principle states that in order to get the greatest reductions in _emissions for a given ___ abatement cost, all firms should emit at a point that offers the same marginal abatement cost for each firm.

If an emission standard is set to the left of the socially efficient point of emissions, the result will be a socially inefficient level of pollution and _ will be greater than __.

A(n) sets a constraint on some performance criterion and allows the polluter to choose how to meet that criterion while a(n) _ dictates either decisions or techniques to be used by the polluter

When marginal damages for a pollutant vary by region, time of day, or season, a(n) will not be socially efficient but that set the MAC curve equal to each MDC curve are socially efficient.

Refer to the figure above.Assume that a firm is facing MAC₁ and an admissions standard of e₂.What is the firm's incentive to engage in R&D so that abatement costs are reduced to MAC₂?