Exam 3: Research Design: the Experimental Model and Its Variations

The problem of __________ has been a subject of continuing philosophical discussion,but scientific investigation is based on the a priori assumption that the fundamental nature of reality can be known-that causation lies at the basis of reality.

__________ pretest bias)refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents as a result of having been pretested.

Which of the following serves as an example of reactivity resulting in atypical behavior or attitudes on the part of research subjects as a result of their awareness of being studied?

__________ is the tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on second testing.

Control group is the group that is not exposed to treatment.

What advantage does a time-series design have over a simple before-after design? Give an illustration and explain.

Cross-sectional studies are studies of the same group over a period of time and generally are studies of change.

__________ point to the tendency of pretests to destroy the naiveté of respondents with respect to the variables)being studied and decrease or more predictably increase the subjects' awareness or sensitivity,thus complicating the ability to generalize their responses to a larger population that has not been pretested.

Which of the following refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of the study and may have produced the results.

Interrupted time-series designs can then be defined as an analysis of a single variable measured at many successive time points,with some measures taken prior to a treatment interruption)and others taken after the treatment.

__________ are any variables other than X the treatment)that may be responsible for the relationship.

__________ occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison.

Which of the following is the plan or blueprint for a study and includes the who,what,where,when,why,and how of an investigation?

Matching is the random assignment of subjects from a similar population to one or another group.

Which of the following occurs when more than one treatment or predictor variable is used on the same subjects?

A distinction is also made between multiple interrupted time-series designs,which examine one group or site's preprogram and post-program outcomes over time,and single interrupted time-series designs,which contrast one group's performance with that of relevant comparison groups.

Discuss the three essential steps in resolving the causality problem.

Which of the following is a means of controlling for invalidity in research through experimental design?

Which of the following refers to a combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups?

Which of the following refers to a researcher's hidden biases and expectations may influence his or her perception of events so as to bring about that which was assumed.