Exam 4: How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information 

Research on optogenetics and light-sensitive ion channels has revealed that channelrhodopsin-2 can be used to _____ neurons, and halorhodopsin can be used to _____ neurons.

When Richard Caton first measured fluctuations on a voltmeter from electrodes placed on the scalp of a human subject, he was recording what we now call:

What is a graded potential?

Multiple sclerosis is thought to be:

A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -50 mV typically results in:

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG), and how is it recorded?

Melissa, a 23-year-old woman, has been having tingling sensations in her right arm and leg for a few weeks. Today, when she woke up, she realized that she could barely move her right arm. She had a similar set of symptoms a couple of years ago, but they went away, so she thought everything was fine. Your advice to Melissa is to go to the doctor because she may have:

On larger myelinated axons, nerve impulses can reach speeds of up to _____ meters per second.

Differentiate between a negative pole and a positive pole.

Dendrites of touch-sensitive neurons are activated by:

What are temporal and spatial summation?

What are the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig disease)? What neural structures are damaged?

Action potentials originate in the:

The sodium-potassium pump _____ exchanges three _____ for two _____.

A cell cannot produce an action potential: