Question 1

The study by DeLuca and Holborn (1992)showed how the physical condition of obese boys could be improved. The study used a __________ design and included __________.

Accepted Answer

A) multiple baseline; a withdrawal of treatment 
B) A-B-A; period of noncontingent reinforcement 
C) changing criterion; a withdrawal of treatment 
D) alternating treatments; multiple baseline 
A) multiple baseline; a withdrawal of treatment 
B) A-B-A; period of noncontingent reinforcement 
C) changing criterion; a withdrawal of treatment 
D) alternating treatments; multiple baseline C

Question 2

Research on visual discrimination learning in children has shown that

Accepted Answer

A) small N designs provide misleading data 
B) averaging the data can produce a result that does not reflect individual performance 
C) the gradual trial and error learning that typically occurs is well-reflected in graphs showing grouped data 
D) a gradual increase in habit strength is the best explanation for the observed behavior 
A) small N designs provide misleading data 
B) averaging the data can produce a result that does not reflect individual performance 
C) the gradual trial and error learning that typically occurs is well-reflected in graphs showing grouped data 
D) a gradual increase in habit strength is the best explanation for the observed behavior B

Question 3

Early research on visual discrimination learning, in which data from many subjects were averaged, supported which theory of discrimination learning?

Accepted Answer

A) discrimination learning occurs when children hit upon the correct hypothesis 
B) discrimination learning occurs in a non-continuous fashion 
C) discrimination learning results from a gradual accumulation of habit strength 
D) discrimination learning is essentially insight learning 
A) discrimination learning occurs when children hit upon the correct hypothesis 
B) discrimination learning occurs in a non-continuous fashion 
C) discrimination learning results from a gradual accumulation of habit strength 
D) discrimination learning is essentially insight learning C

Question 4

A study by Flood et al. was designed to help ADHD school children stay on task. Which of the following was true of their study?

Accepted Answer

A) they used a multiple baseline design 
B) there were enough children in this study so that average scores could be calculated 
C) schoolmates of the ADHD children were a critical part of the treatment program 
D) the study was controversial because it relied more on punishment than reinforcement 
A) they used a multiple baseline design 
B) there were enough children in this study so that average scores could be calculated 
C) schoolmates of the ADHD children were a critical part of the treatment program 
D) the study was controversial because it relied more on punishment than reinforcement

Question 5

Which of the following research examples used a multiple baseline across settings design?

Accepted Answer

A) the study with ADHD children 
B) the study helping "George" to stop drooling 
C) the study that helped children learn to control stuttering 
D) the study that improved linebacker play 
A) the study with ADHD children 
B) the study helping "George" to stop drooling 
C) the study that helped children learn to control stuttering 
D) the study that improved linebacker play

Question 6

In an A-B design,

Accepted Answer

A) A refers to the baseline period 
B) B is when the treatment is being given 
C) both alternatives a. and b. 
D) none of the above 
A) A refers to the baseline period 
B) B is when the treatment is being given 
C) both alternatives a. and b. 
D) none of the above

Question 7

One of the multiple baseline designs in the chapter was illustrated by a study on improving linebacker performance. Which type of multiple baseline was used?

Accepted Answer

A) two or more different treatment programs 
B) two or more different individuals 
C) two or more different settings 
D) two or more different behaviors 
A) two or more different treatment programs 
B) two or more different individuals 
C) two or more different settings 
D) two or more different behaviors

Question 8

In an A-B-A design,

Accepted Answer

A) the first A is a baseline period 
B) a treatment is put in place, then withdrawn, then put in place again 
C) the two A's refer to two different baselines in a multiple baseline study 
D) B = baseline 
A) the first A is a baseline period 
B) a treatment is put in place, then withdrawn, then put in place again 
C) the two A's refer to two different baselines in a multiple baseline study 
D) B = baseline

Question 9

Which design is better, an A-B-A design or an A-B-A-B design?

Accepted Answer

A) A-B-A; it is more parsimonious 
B) A-B-A; it has the ethical advantage of leaving subjects exactly where they started 
C) A-B-A-B; it compares two different treatments 
D) A-B-A-B; the treatment is evaluated twice 
A) A-B-A; it is more parsimonious 
B) A-B-A; it has the ethical advantage of leaving subjects exactly where they started 
C) A-B-A-B; it compares two different treatments 
D) A-B-A-B; the treatment is evaluated twice

Question 10

B. F. Skinner would agree with all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) control environmental conditions and orderly behavior will follow 
B) general principles can only be derived from the intensive study of many individual cases 
C) it is better (i.e., more efficient)to study 100 rats for an hour each than one rat for 100 hours 
D) psychology should be more of an inductive than a deductive science 
A) control environmental conditions and orderly behavior will follow 
B) general principles can only be derived from the intensive study of many individual cases 
C) it is better (i.e., more efficient)to study 100 rats for an hour each than one rat for 100 hours 
D) psychology should be more of an inductive than a deductive science

Question 11

A study by Foxx and Rubinoff (1979)showed how small N designs can be useful in reducing the amount of caffeine people ingest daily. They used which design?

Accepted Answer

A) A-B-C-B 
B) A-B-A-B 
C) alternating treatment 
D) changing criterion 
A) A-B-C-B 
B) A-B-A-B 
C) alternating treatment 
D) changing criterion

Question 12

The device used to record behaviors in Skinner's operant conditioning experiments is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) operant chamber 
B) schedule of reinforcement 
C) cumulative recorder 
D) reinforcement contingency 
A) operant chamber 
B) schedule of reinforcement 
C) cumulative recorder 
D) reinforcement contingency

Question 13

Small N research designs

Accepted Answer

A) are a recent development, originating with Skinner's work 
B) began in the 1930s when Fisher developed ANOVA 
C) characterized most of the early research in psychology 
D) have never been popular with the majority of research psychologists 
A) are a recent development, originating with Skinner's work 
B) began in the 1930s when Fisher developed ANOVA 
C) characterized most of the early research in psychology 
D) have never been popular with the majority of research psychologists

Question 14

In the Ferster and Skinner book on schedules of reinforcement,

Accepted Answer

A) the data were presented in the form of cumulative records 
B) each of the graphs in the book portrays the behavior of a single animal 
C) both alternatives a. and b. 
D) none of the above 
A) the data were presented in the form of cumulative records 
B) each of the graphs in the book portrays the behavior of a single animal 
C) both alternatives a. and b. 
D) none of the above

Question 15

Single-subject designs have been criticized for all of the following reasons except

Accepted Answer

A) results do not generalize beyond the treatment environment 
B) too much reliance on visual inspection and not enough statistical analysis 
C) replication does not seem to be important to small N advocates 
D) the designs do not test interactions effectively 
A) results do not generalize beyond the treatment environment 
B) too much reliance on visual inspection and not enough statistical analysis 
C) replication does not seem to be important to small N advocates 
D) the designs do not test interactions effectively

Question 16

Which of the following is true about case study research?

Accepted Answer

A) it might be the only way to study some rare individual 
B) experimenter bias can affect what the researcher records about the case 
C) the data from the subjects of case studies can be limited by memory failures 
D) all of the above are true 
A) it might be the only way to study some rare individual 
B) experimenter bias can affect what the researcher records about the case 
C) the data from the subjects of case studies can be limited by memory failures 
D) all of the above are true

Question 17

The case study of former boxer "AB" illustrates the importance of case studies to

Accepted Answer

A) use inferential statistics to make claims about groups of individuals. 
B) describe groups of individuals similar to a single case. 
C) rely on anecdotal evidence. 
D) guide individualized treatment and/or rehabilitation for the patient. 
A) use inferential statistics to make claims about groups of individuals. 
B) describe groups of individuals similar to a single case. 
C) rely on anecdotal evidence. 
D) guide individualized treatment and/or rehabilitation for the patient.

Question 18

Thorndike's puzzle box studies

Accepted Answer

A) demonstrate the failure of large N designs in some situations 
B) demonstrate that early experimentalists could not succeed unless they were talented creators of apparatus 
C) illustrate the effective application of parsimonious explanations 
D) provide strong evidence that cats had reasoning powers 
A) demonstrate the failure of large N designs in some situations 
B) demonstrate that early experimentalists could not succeed unless they were talented creators of apparatus 
C) illustrate the effective application of parsimonious explanations 
D) provide strong evidence that cats had reasoning powers

Question 19

Social validity is said to occur when

Accepted Answer

A) a procedure shown to be effective is recognized as such by the community and widely used 
B) results shown to be effective in the lab also work in the social environment 
C) a study with one type of person is also shown to be effective with other types of people in the social environment 
D) a study has been replicated with a second cultural group 
A) a procedure shown to be effective is recognized as such by the community and widely used 
B) results shown to be effective in the lab also work in the social environment 
C) a study with one type of person is also shown to be effective with other types of people in the social environment 
D) a study has been replicated with a second cultural group

Question 20

In the early years of experimental psychology, studies often used three or four participants. How were the data handled?

Accepted Answer

A) the data were summarized as descriptive statistics (e.g., means), but inferential statistics were not used 
B) the data for each participant were presented in the results 
C) only the most unambiguous data were presented 
D) the results took the form of verbal descriptions; numbers were not used 
A) the data were summarized as descriptive statistics (e.g., means), but inferential statistics were not used 
B) the data for each participant were presented in the results 
C) only the most unambiguous data were presented 
D) the results took the form of verbal descriptions; numbers were not used

The study by DeLuca and Holborn (1992)showed how the physical condition of obese boys could be improved. The study used a design and included .

Research on visual discrimination learning in children has shown that

Early research on visual discrimination learning, in which data from many subjects were averaged, supported which theory of discrimination learning?

A study by Flood et al. was designed to help ADHD school children stay on task. Which of the following was true of their study?

Which of the following research examples used a multiple baseline across settings design?

In an A-B design,

One of the multiple baseline designs in the chapter was illustrated by a study on improving linebacker performance. Which type of multiple baseline was used?

In an A-B-A design,

Which design is better, an A-B-A design or an A-B-A-B design?

B. F. Skinner would agree with all of the following except

A study by Foxx and Rubinoff (1979)showed how small N designs can be useful in reducing the amount of caffeine people ingest daily. They used which design?

The device used to record behaviors in Skinner's operant conditioning experiments is called a(n)

Small N research designs

In the Ferster and Skinner book on schedules of reinforcement,

Single-subject designs have been criticized for all of the following reasons except

Which of the following is true about case study research?

The case study of former boxer "AB" illustrates the importance of case studies to

Thorndike's puzzle box studies

Social validity is said to occur when

In the early years of experimental psychology, studies often used three or four participants. How were the data handled?

Scientific Thinking in Psychology

Ethics in Psychological Research

Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology

Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis Testing

Introduction to Experimental Research

Methodological Control in Experimental Research

Experimental Design I: Single-Factor Designs

Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs

Non-Experimental Design I: Survey Methods

Non-Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival Methods

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Applied Research

Filters

Exam 12: Small N Designs

The study by DeLuca and Holborn (1992)showed how the physical condition of obese boys could be improved. The study used a __________ design and included __________.

Research on visual discrimination learning in children has shown that

Early research on visual discrimination learning, in which data from many subjects were averaged, supported which theory of discrimination learning?

A study by Flood et al. was designed to help ADHD school children stay on task. Which of the following was true of their study?

Which of the following research examples used a multiple baseline across settings design?

In an A-B design,

One of the multiple baseline designs in the chapter was illustrated by a study on improving linebacker performance. Which type of multiple baseline was used?

In an A-B-A design,

Which design is better, an A-B-A design or an A-B-A-B design?

B. F. Skinner would agree with all of the following except

A study by Foxx and Rubinoff (1979)showed how small N designs can be useful in reducing the amount of caffeine people ingest daily. They used which design?

The device used to record behaviors in Skinner's operant conditioning experiments is called a(n)

Small N research designs

In the Ferster and Skinner book on schedules of reinforcement,

Single-subject designs have been criticized for all of the following reasons except

Which of the following is true about case study research?

The case study of former boxer "AB" illustrates the importance of case studies to

Thorndike's puzzle box studies

Social validity is said to occur when

In the early years of experimental psychology, studies often used three or four participants. How were the data handled?

Scientific Thinking in Psychology

Ethics in Psychological Research

Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology

Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis Testing

Introduction to Experimental Research

Methodological Control in Experimental Research

Experimental Design I: Single-Factor Designs

Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs

Non-Experimental Design I: Survey Methods

Non-Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival Methods

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Applied Research

Filters

The study by DeLuca and Holborn (1992)showed how the physical condition of obese boys could be improved. The study used a design and included .