Exam 15: Frequency Distribution, Crosstabulation, and Hypothesis

If the probability associated with the calculated or observed value of the test statistic (TS _CAL) is greater than the level of significance (a), the null hypothesis is rejected.

The most commonly used statistics associated with frequencies are measures of location, measures of variability, and measures of occasion.

The test statistic measures how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis and often follows a well- known distribution, such as the normal, t, or chi- square distribution.

When variables are perfectly associated, the phi coefficient assumes the value of 1.

occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

The null hypothesis, H₀, when using the chi- square statistic, is that there is no association between the variables.

is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal- level variables. It does not make an adjustment for ties.

is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2.

The is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage, and it is a unitless measure of relative variability.

The is a statistical test of the equality of the variances of two populations.

In the Mann- Whitney U test, two samples are combined and the cases are ranked in order of increasing size. The test statistic, U, is computed as the number of times a score from sample 1 or group 1 follows a score from group 2.

Discuss the relationship between cross- tabulation and frequency distribution.

The degrees of freedom for the t statistic to test hypotheses about paired samples are .

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is the .

The median is an appropriate measure of central tendency for data.

Also known as beta error, occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

The two- tailed test is more powerful than the one- tailed test.

The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested.

In tests of differences, the null hypothesis is that there is a difference (H₀:.....is different than ).

The Range = X_Largest - X_Smallest.