Question 1

Please define the following key terms.
-geocentric conception

Accepted Answer

The term "geocentric conception" refers to an ancient and historical model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of all celestial bodies. This geocentric view posits that the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbit around the Earth. The word "geocentric" comes from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "kentron" meaning center.

This conception was widely accepted in the Western world from antiquity until the 16th century, largely influenced by the work of philosophers and astronomers such as Aristotle and Ptolemy. Ptolemy's model, in particular, known as the Ptolemaic system, was a sophisticated version of the geocentric conception that explained the apparent retrograde motion of the planets through a system of epicycles, where planets moved in small circles that in turn moved along larger circles around the Earth.

The geocentric model was eventually superseded by the heliocentric model, which places the Sun at the center of the solar system. This shift was initiated by the work of Nicolaus Copernicus, and further supported by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler, who refined the model with elliptical orbits, and Galileo Galilei, who provided empirical evidence through his telescopic observations.

The transition from the geocentric to the heliocentric model marked a major paradigm shift in astronomy and is considered one of the key episodes in the history of science, often referred to as the Copernican Revolution. It fundamentally changed our understanding of the universe and our place within it.

Question 2

Please define the following key terms.
-English Royal Society

Accepted Answer

The English Royal Society, also known as the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a prestigious scientific institution founded in 1660. It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world and has played a significant role in the development of modern science.

The Royal Society is dedicated to promoting excellence in science and supporting scientific research and education. It achieves this through various means, including funding research projects, publishing scientific journals, and organizing scientific events and conferences.

Throughout its history, the Royal Society has been home to many renowned scientists, including Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, and Stephen Hawking. It has also been instrumental in the publication of groundbreaking scientific works, such as the first edition of the Philosophical Transactions, which is the world's oldest scientific journal.

The Royal Society continues to be a leading voice in the scientific community, advocating for evidence-based decision-making and the importance of scientific research in addressing global challenges. It also plays a key role in promoting public engagement with science and fostering collaboration between scientists from around the world.

Overall, the English Royal Society has a rich history and continues to be a driving force in advancing scientific knowledge and understanding. Its contributions to the field of science are immeasurable, and it remains a respected and influential institution in the scientific community.

Question 3

What did Blaise Pascal argue about humans?

Accepted Answer

A) They can know infinity through reason. 
B) They are the summation of all things. 
C) They can only understand that which is revealed to them by the Bible. 
D) They are uniquely separate from the rest of the animal world. 
E) They cannot understand infinity; only God can do this. 
A) They can know infinity through reason. 
B) They are the summation of all things. 
C) They can only understand that which is revealed to them by the Bible. 
D) They are uniquely separate from the rest of the animal world. 
E) They cannot understand infinity; only God can do this. E

Question 4

How did Pascal view the relationship between science and religion?

Accepted Answer

Blaise Pascal, a 17th-century French mat

Question 5

Please define the following key terms.
-the Inquisition

Accepted Answer

The Inquisition refers to a group of ins

Question 6

According to ____, every object in the universe is attracted to every other object in the universe.

Accepted Answer

A) Galileo 
B) Brahe 
C) Kepler 
D) Newton 
E) Copernicus 
A) Galileo 
B) Brahe 
C) Kepler 
D) Newton 
E) Copernicus

Question 7

Please define the following key terms.
-Francis Bacon

Accepted Answer

Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was an English

Question 8

What was Newton's major work?

Accepted Answer

A) Novum Organum 
B) Principia 
C) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 
D) Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy 
E) Utopia 
A) Novum Organum 
B) Principia 
C) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 
D) Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy 
E) Utopia

Question 9

Newton believed that God did was not present in the physical universe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did most male scientists view women in general and female scientists in particular?

Accepted Answer

Women have made significant contribution

Question 11

Please define the following key terms.
-universal law of gravitation

Accepted Answer

The universal law of gravitation, formul

Question 12

Renaissance thinkers applauded the work of ancient mathematicians.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Please define the following key terms.
-Johannes Kepler

Accepted Answer

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer,

Question 14

Please define the following key terms.
-metallurgy

Accepted Answer

Metallurgy is the branch of science and

Question 15

Please define the following key terms.
-Aristotle

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms.
-Aristotle...

Question 16

What were the key features of medieval cosmology?

Accepted Answer

Medieval cosmology was heavily influence

Question 17

In what ways did the fifteenth-century Renaissance contribute to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution?

Accepted Answer

The fifteenth-century Renaissance contri

Question 18

In Galileo's view,

Accepted Answer

A) the Church was the supreme authority in all things. 
B) it was not up to the Church to determine the nature of physical reality. 
C) God did not exist. 
D) all religions were equal. 
E) it was impossible to prove anything definitively. 
A) the Church was the supreme authority in all things. 
B) it was not up to the Church to determine the nature of physical reality. 
C) God did not exist. 
D) all religions were equal. 
E) it was impossible to prove anything definitively.

Question 19

What did Vesalius and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

Accepted Answer

Vesalius and Harvey made significant con

Question 20

What statement best describes the philosophy of René Descartes?

Accepted Answer

A) It stressed a separation of mind and matter. 
B) It stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. 
C) It saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. 
D) It would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. 
E) It was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic. 
A) It stressed a separation of mind and matter. 
B) It stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. 
C) It saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. 
D) It would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. 
E) It was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.

Exam 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science.

Please define the following key terms. -geocentric conception

Please define the following key terms. -English Royal Society

What did Blaise Pascal argue about humans?

How did Pascal view the relationship between science and religion?

Please define the following key terms. -the Inquisition

According to ____, every object in the universe is attracted to every other object in the universe.

Please define the following key terms. -Francis Bacon

What was Newton's major work?

Newton believed that God did was not present in the physical universe.

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did most male scientists view women in general and female scientists in particular?

Please define the following key terms. -universal law of gravitation

Renaissance thinkers applauded the work of ancient mathematicians.

Please define the following key terms. -Johannes Kepler

Please define the following key terms. -metallurgy

Please define the following key terms. -Aristotle

What were the key features of medieval cosmology?

In what ways did the fifteenth-century Renaissance contribute to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution?

In Galileo's view,

What did Vesalius and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

What statement best describes the philosophy of René Descartes?

The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations.

The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires.

The Civilization of the Greeks.

The Hellenistic World.

The Roman Republic.

The Roman Empire.

Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World.

European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750–1000.

The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages.

The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power.

The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century.

Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance.

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century.

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500–1800.

State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century.

The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment.

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change.

A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon.

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society.

Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815–1850.

An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850–1871.

Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871–1894.

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894–1914.

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution.

The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919–1939.

The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II.

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945–1965.

Protest and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965–1985.

After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age (Since 1985)

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